East African Nurses

http://ce.nurse.com/CE98-60/The-Two-Sides-of-Stroke/

2010-02-17T01:41:00.000-08:00

http://ce.nurse.com/CE98-60/The-Two-Sides-of-Stroke/

The ABCs of Blockers | 60042 Continuing Education Unit at Nurse.com

2010-02-17T01:05:00.000-08:00

The ABCs of Blockers | 60042 Continuing Education Unit at Nurse.com

http://ce.nurse.com/CE481/A-Perfect-Match-Preventing-Blood-Incompatibility-Errors/

2010-02-07T09:24:00.000-08:00

http://ce.nurse.com/CE481/A-Perfect-Match-Preventing-Blood-Incompatibility-Errors/

Medical Surgical Practice Test

2010-01-21T00:11:00.000-08:00

I found the following over internet and I feel all nursing students should attempt.

MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING
1. Following surgery, Mario complains of mild incisional pain while performing deep- breathing and coughing exercises. The nurse’s best response would be:
A. “Pain will become less each day.”
B. “This is a normal reaction after surgery.”
C. “With a pillow, apply pressure against the incision.”
D. “I will give you the pain medication the physician ordered.”

Answer: (C) “With a pillow, apply pressure against the incision.”
Applying pressure against the incision with a pillow will help lessen the intra-abdominal pressure created by coughing which causes tension on the incision that leads to pain.

2. The nurse needs to carefully assess the complaint of pain of the elderly because older people
A. are expected to experience chronic pain
B. have a decreased pain threshold
C. experience reduced sensory perception
D. have altered mental function

Answer: (C) experience reduced sensory perception
Degenerative changes occur in the elderly. The response to pain in the elderly maybe lessened because of reduced acuity of touch, alterations in neural pathways and diminished processing of sensory data.

3. Mary received AtropineSO4 as a pre-medication 30 minutes ago and is now complaining of dry mouth and her PR is higher, than before the medication was administered. The nurse’s best
A. The patient is having an allergic reaction to the drug.
B. The patient needs a higher dose of this drug
C. This is normal side-effect of AtSO4
D. The patient is anxious about upcoming surgery

Answer: (C) This is normal side-effect of AtSO4
Atropine sulfate is a vagolytic drug that decreases oropharyngeal secretions and increases the heart rate.

4. Ana’s postoperative vital signs are a blood pressure of 80/50 mm Hg, a pulse of 140, and respirations of 32. Suspecting shock, which of the following orders would the nurse question?
A. Put the client in modified Trendelenberg's position.
B. Administer oxygen at 100%.
C. Monitor urine output every hour.
D. Administer Demerol 50mg IM q4h

Answer: (D) Administer Demerol 50mg IM q4h
Administering Demerol, which is a narcotic analgesic, can depress respiratory and cardiac function and thus not given to a patient in shock. What is needed is promotion for adequate oxygenation and perfusion. All the other interventions can be expected to be done by the nurse.

5. Mr. Pablo, diagnosed with Bladder Cancer, is scheduled for a cystectomy with the creation of an ileal conduit in the morning. He is wringing his hands and pacing the floor when the nurse enters his room. What is the best approach?
A. "Good evening, Mr. Pablo. Wasn't it a pleasant day, today?"
B. "Mr, Pablo, you must be so worried, I'll leave you alone with your thoughts.
C. “Mr. Pablo, you'll wear out the hospital floors and yourself at this rate."
D. "Mr. Pablo, you appear anxious to me. How are you feeling about tomorrow's surgery?"

Answer: (D) "Mr. Pablo, you appear anxious to me. How are you feeling about tomorrow's surgery?"
The client is showing signs of anxiety reaction to a stressful event. Recognizing the client’s anxiety conveys acceptance of his behavior and will allow for verbalization of feelings and concerns.

6. After surgery, Gina returns from the Post-anesthesia Care Unit (Recovery Room) with a nasogastric tube in place following a gall bladder surgery. She continues to complain of nausea. Which action would the nurse take?
A. Call the physician immediately.
B. Administer the prescribed antiemetic.
C. Check the patency of the nasogastric tube for any obstruction.
D. Change the patient’s position.

Answer: (C) Check the patency of the nasogastric tube for any obstruction.
Nausea is one of the common complaints of a patient after receiving general anesthesia. But this complaint could be aggravated by gastric distention especially in a patient who has undergone abdominal surgery. Insertion of the NGT helps relieve the problem. Checking on the patency of the NGT for any obstruction will help the nurse determine the cause of the problem and institute the necessary intervention.

7. Mr. Perez is in continuous pain from cancer that has metastasized to the bone. Pain medication provides little relief and he refuses to move. The nurse should plan to:
A. Reassure him that the nurses will not hurt him
B. Let him perform his own activities of daily living
C. Handle him gently when assisting with required care
D. Complete A.M. care quickly as possible when necessary

Answer: (C) Handle him gently when assisting with required care
Patients with cancer and bone metastasis experience severe pain especially when moving. Bone tumors weaken the bone to appoint at which normal activities and even position changes can lead to fracture. During nursing care, the patient needs to be supported and handled gently.

8. A client returns from the recovery room at 9AM alert and oriented, with an IV infusing. His pulse is 82, blood pressure is 120/80, respirations are 20, and all are within normal range. At 10 am and at 11 am, his vital signs are stable. At noon, however, his pulse rate is 94, blood pressure is 116/74, and respirations are 24. What nursing action is most appropriate?

A. Notify his physician.
B. Take his vital signs again in 15 minutes.
C. Take his vital signs again in an hour.
D. Place the patient in shock position.

Answer: (B) Take his vital signs again in 15 minutes.
Monitoring the client’s vital signs following surgery gives the nurse a sound information about the client’s condition. Complications can occur during this period as a result of the surgery or the anesthesia or both. Keeping close track of changes in the VS and validating them will help the nurse initiate interventions to prevent complications from occurring.

9. A 56 year old construction worker is brought to the hospital unconscious after falling from a 2-story building. When assessing the client, the nurse would be most concerned if the assessment revealed:

A. Reactive pupils
B. A depressed fontanel
C. Bleeding from ears
D. An elevated temperature

Answer: (C) Bleeding from ears
The nurse needs to perform a thorough assessment that could indicate alterations in cerebral function, increased intracranial pressures, fractures and bleeding. Bleeding from the ears occurs only with basal skull fractures that can easily contribute to increased intracranial pressure and brain herniation

10. Which of the ff. statements by the client to the nurse indicates a risk factor for CAD?
A. “I exercise every other day.”
B. “My father died of Myasthenia Gravis.”
C. “My cholesterol is 180.”
D. “I smoke 1 1/2 packs of cigarettes per day.”

Answer: (D) “I smoke 1 1/2 packs of cigarettes per day.”
Smoking has been considered as one of the major modifiable risk factors for coronary artery disease. Exercise and maintaining normal serum cholesterol levels help in its prevention.

11. Mr. Braga was ordered Digoxin 0.25 mg. OD. Which is poor knowledge regarding this drug?
A. It has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic effects
B. The positive inotropic effect will decrease urine output
C. Toxixity can occur more easily in the presence of hypokalemia, liver and renal problems
D. Do not give the drug if the apical rate is less than 60 beats per minute.

Answer: (B) The positive inotropic effect will decrease urine output
Inotropic effect of drugs on the heart causes increase force of its contraction. This increases cardiac output that improves renal perfusion resulting in an improved urine output.

12. Valsalva maneuver can result in bradycardia. Which of the following activities will not stimulate Valsalva's maneuver?
A. Use of stool softeners.
B. Enema administration
C. Gagging while toothbrushing.
D. Lifting heavy objects

Answer: (A) Use of stool softeners.
Straining or bearing down activities can cause vagal stimulation that leads to bradycardia. Use of stool softeners promote easy bowel evacuation that prevents straining or the valsalva maneuver.

13. The nurse is teaching the patient regarding his permanent artificial pacemaker. Which information
given by the nurse shows her knowledge deficit about the artificial cardiac pacemaker?

A. take the pulse rate once a day, in the morning upon awakening
B. may be allowed to use electrical appliances
C. have regular follow up care
D. may engage in contact sports

Answer: (D) may engage in contact sports
The client should be advised by the nurse to avoid contact sports. This will prevent trauma to the area of the pacemaker generator.

14. A patient with angina pectoris is being discharged home with nitroglycerine tablets. Which of the
following instructions does the nurse include in the teaching?

A. “When your chest pain begins, lie down, and place one tablet under your tongue. If the pain continues, take another tablet in 5 minutes.”
B. “Place one tablet under your tongue. If the pain is not relieved in 15 minutes, go to the hospital.”
C. “Continue your activity, and if the pain does not go away in 10 minutes, begin taking the nitro tablets one every 5 minutes for 15 minutes, then go lie down.”
D. “Place one Nitroglycerine tablet under the tongue every five minutes for three doses. Go to the hospital if the pain is unrelieved.

Answer: (D) “Place one Nitroglycerine tablet under the tongue every five minutes for three doses. Go to the hospital if the pain is unrelieved.
Angina pectoris is caused by myocardial ischemia related to decreased coronary blood supply. Giving nitroglycerine will produce coronary vasodilation that improves the coronary blood flow in 3 – 5 mins. If the chest pain is unrelieved, after three tablets, there is a possibility of acute coronary occlusion that requires immediate medical attention.

15. A client with chronic heart failure has been placed on a diet restricted to 2000mg. of sodium per day. The client demonstrates adequate knowledge if behaviors are evident such as not salting food and avoidance of which food?

A. Whole milk
B. Canned sardines
C. Plain nuts
D. Eggs

Answer: (B) Canned sardines
Canned foods are generally rich in sodium content as salt is used as the main preservative.

16. A student nurse is assigned to a client who has a diagnosis of thrombophlebitis. Which action by this team member is most appropriate?
A. Apply a heating pad to the involved site.
B. Elevate the client's legs 90 degrees.
C. Instruct the client about the need for bed rest.
D. Provide active range-of-motion exercises to both legs at least twice every shift.

Answer: (C) Instruct the client about the need for bed rest.
In a client with thrombophlebitis, bedrest will prevent the dislodgment of the clot in the extremity which can lead to pulmonary embolism.

17. A client receiving heparin sodium asks the nurse how the drug works. Which of the following points would the nurse include in the explanation to the client?
A. It dissolves existing thrombi.
B. It prevents conversion of factors that are needed in the formation of clots.
C. It inactivates thrombin that forms and dissolves existing thrombi.
D. It interferes with vitamin K absorption.

Answer: (B) It prevents conversion of factors that are needed in the formation of clots.
Heparin is an anticoagulant. It prevents the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. It does not dissolve a clot.

18. The nurse is conducting an education session for a group of smokers in a “stop smoking” class.
Which finding would the nurse state as a common symptom of lung cancer? :

A. Dyspnea on exertion
B. Foamy, blood-tinged sputum
C. Wheezing sound on inspiration
D. Cough or change in a chronic cough

Answer: (D) Cough or change in a chronic cough
Cigarette smoke is a carcinogen that irritates and damages the respiratory epithelium. The irritation causes the cough which initially maybe dry, persistent and unproductive. As the tumor enlarges, obstruction of the airways occurs and the cough may become productive due to infection.

19. Which is the most relevant knowledge about oxygen administration to a client with COPD?
A. Oxygen at 1-2L/min is given to maintain the hypoxic stimulus for breathing.
B. Hypoxia stimulates the central chemoreceptors in the medulla that makes the client breath.
C. Oxygen is administered best using a non-rebreathing mask
D. Blood gases are monitored using a pulse oximeter.

Answer: (A) Oxygen at 1-2L/min is given to maintain the hypoxic stimulus for breathing.
COPD causes a chronic CO2 retention that renders the medulla insensitive to the CO2 stimulation for breathing. The hypoxic state of the client then becomes the stimulus for breathing. Giving the clientoxygen in low concentrations will maintain the client’s hypoxic drive.

20. When suctioning mucus from a client's lungs, which nursing action would be least appropriate?
A. Lubricate the catheter tip with sterile saline before insertion.
B. Use sterile technique with a two-gloved approach
C. Suction until the client indicates to stop or no longer than 20 second
D. Hyperoxygenate the client before and after suctioning

Answer: (C) Suction until the client indicates to stop or no longer than 20 second
One hazard encountered when suctioning a client is the development of hypoxia. Suctioning sucks not only the secretions but also the gases found in the airways. This can be prevented by suctioning the client for an average time of 5-10 seconds and not more than 15 seconds and hyperoxygenating the client before and after suctioning.

21. Dr. Santos prescribes oral rifampin (Rimactane) and isoniazid (INH) for a client with a positive Tuberculin skin test. When informing the client of this decision, the nurse knows that the purpose of this choice of treatment is to

A. Cause less irritation to the gastrointestinal tract
B. Destroy resistant organisms and promote proper blood levels of the drugs
C. Gain a more rapid systemic effect
D. Delay resistance and increase the tuberculostatic effect

Answer: (D) Delay resistance and increase the tuberculostatic effect
Pulmonary TB is treated primarily with chemotherapeutic agents for 6-12 mons. A prolonged treatment duration is necessary to ensure eradication of the organisms and to prevent relapse. The increasing prevalence of drug resistance points to the need to begin the treatment with drugs in combination. Using drugs in combination can delay the drug resistance.

22. Mario undergoes a left thoracotomy and a partial pneumonectomy. Chest tubes are inserted, and one-bottle water-seal drainage is instituted in the operating room. In the
postanesthesia care unit Mario is placed in Fowler's position on either his right
side or on his back to

A. Reduce incisional pain.
B. Facilitate ventilation of the left lung.
C. Equalize pressure in the pleural space.
D. Increase venous return

Answer: (B) Facilitate ventilation of the left lung.
Since only a partial pneumonectomy is done, there is a need to promote expansion of this remaining Left lung by positioning the client on the opposite unoperated side.

23. A client with COPD is being prepared for discharge. The following are relevant instructions to the client regarding the use of an oral inhaler EXCEPT
A. Breath in and out as fully as possible before placing the mouthpiece inside the mouth.
B. Inhale slowly through the mouth as the canister is pressed down
C. Hold his breath for about 10 seconds before exhaling
D. Slowly breath out through the mouth with pursed lips after inhaling the drug.

Answer: (D) Slowly breath out through the mouth with pursed lips after inhaling the drug.
If the client breathes out through the mouth with pursed lips, this can easily force the just inhaled drug out of the respiratory tract that will lessen its effectiveness.

24. A client is scheduled for a bronchoscopy. When teaching the client what to expect afterward, the nurse's highest priority of information would be
A. Food and fluids will be withheld for at least 2 hours.
B. Warm saline gargles will be done q 2h.
C. Coughing and deep-breathing exercises will be done q2h.
D. Only ice chips and cold liquids will be allowed initially.

Answer: (A) Food and fluids will be withheld for at least 2 hours.
Prior to bronchoscopy, the doctors sprays the back of the throat with anesthetic to minimize the gag reflex and thus facilitate the insertion of the bronchoscope. Giving the client food and drink after the procedure without checking on the return of the gag reflex can cause the client to aspirate. The gag reflex usually returns after two hours.

25. The nurse enters the room of a client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The client's nasal cannula oxygen is running at a rate of 6 L per minute, the skin color is pink, and the respirations are 9 per minute and shallow. What is the nurse’s best initial action?

A. Take heart rate and blood pressure.
B. Call the physician.
C. Lower the oxygen rate.
D. Position the client in a Fowler's position.

Answer: (C) Lower the oxygen rate.
The client with COPD is suffering from chronic CO2 retention. The hypoxic drive is his chief stimulus for breathing. Giving O2 inhalation at a rate that is more than 2-3L/min can make the client lose his hypoxic drive which can be assessed as decreasing RR.
26. The nurse is preparing her plan of care for her patient diagnosed with pneumonia. Which is the most appropriate nursing diagnosis for this patient?
A. Fluid volume deficit
B. Decreased tissue perfusion.
C. Impaired gas exchange.
D. Risk for infection

Answer: (C) Impaired gas exchange.
Pneumonia, which is an infection, causes lobar consolidation thus impairing gas exchange between the alveoli and the blood. Because the patient would require adequate hydration, this makes him prone to fluid volume excess.
27. A nurse at the weight loss clinic assesses a client who has a large abdomen and a rounded face. Which additional assessment finding would lead the nurse to suspect that the client has Cushing’s syndrome rather than obesity?
A. large thighs and upper arms
B. pendulous abdomen and large hips
C. abdominal striae and ankle enlargement
D. posterior neck fat pad and thin extremities

Answer: (D) posterior neck fat pad and thin extremities
“Buffalo hump” is the accumulation of fat pads over the upper back and neck. Fat may also accumulate on the face. There is truncal obesity but the extremities are thin. All these are noted in a client with Cushing’s syndrome.
28. Which statement by the client indicates understanding of the possible side effects of Prednisone therapy?
A. “I should limit my potassium intake because hyperkalemia is a side-effect of this drug.”
B. “I must take this medicine exactly as my doctor ordered it. I shouldn’t skip doses.”
C. “This medicine will protect me from getting any colds or infection.”
D. “My incision will heal much faster because of this drug.”

Answer: (B) “I must take this medicine exactly as my doctor ordered it. I shouldn’t skip doses.”
The possible side effects of steroid administration are hypokalemia, increase tendency to infection and poor wound healing. Clients on the drug must follow strictly the doctor’s order since skipping the drug can lower the drug level in the blood that can trigger acute adrenal insufficiency or Addisonian Crisis
29. A client, who is suspected of having Pheochromocytoma, complains of sweating, palpitation and headache. Which assessment is essential for the nurse to make first?
A. Pupil reaction
B. Hand grips
C. Blood pressure
D. Blood glucose

Answer: (C) Blood pressure
Pheochromocytoma is a tumor of the adrenal medulla that causes an increase secretion of catecholamines that can elevate the blood pressure.
30. The nurse is attending a bridal shower for a friend when another guest, who happens to be a diabetic, starts to tremble and complains of dizziness. The next best action for the nurse to take is to:
A. Encourage the guest to eat some baked macaroni
B. Call the guest’s personal physician
C. Offer the guest a cup of coffee
D. Give the guest a glass of orange juice

Answer: (D) Give the guest a glass of orange juice
In diabetic patients, the nurse should watch out for signs of hypoglycemia manifested by dizziness, tremors, weakness, pallor diaphoresis and tachycardia. When this occurs in a conscious client, he should be given immediately carbohydrates in the form of fruit juice, hard candy, honey or, if unconscious, glucagons or dextrose per IV.
31. An adult, who is newly diagnosed with Graves disease, asks the nurse, “Why do I need to take
Propanolol (Inderal)?” Based on the nurse’s understanding of the medication and Grave’s
disease, the best response would be:

A. “The medication will limit thyroid hormone secretion.”
B. “The medication limit synthesis of the thyroid hormones.”
C. “The medication will block the cardiovascular symptoms of Grave’s disease.”
D. “The medication will increase the synthesis of thyroid hormones.”

Answer: (C) “The medication will block the cardiovascular symptoms of Grave’s disease.”
Propranolol (Inderal) is a beta-adrenergic blocker that controls the cardiovascular manifestations brought about by increased secretion of the thyroid hormone in Grave’s disease.
32. During the first 24 hours after thyroid surgery, the nurse should include in her care:
A. Checking the back and sides of the operative dressing
B. Supporting the head during mild range of motion exercise
C. Encouraging the client to ventilate her feelings about the surgery
D. Advising the client that she can resume her normal activities immediately

Answer: (A) Checking the back and sides of the operative dressing
Following surgery of the thyroid gland, bleeding is a potential complication. This can best be assessed by checking the back and the sides of the operative dressing as the blood may flow towards the side and back leaving the front dry and clear of drainage.
33. On discharge, the nurse teaches the patient to observe for signs of surgically induced hypothyroidism. The nurse would know that the patient understands the teaching when she states she should notify the MD if she develops:

A. Intolerance to heat
B. Dry skin and fatigue
C. Progressive weight gain
D. Insomnia and excitability

Answer: (C) Progressive weight gain
Hypothyroidism, a decrease in thyroid hormone production, is characterized by hypometabolism that manifests itself with weight gain.

34. What is the best reason for the nurse in instructing the client to rotate injection sites for insulin?
A. Lipodystrophy can result and is extremely painful
B. Poor rotation technique can cause superficial hemorrhaging
C. Lipodystrophic areas can result, causing erratic insulin absorption rates from these
D. Injection sites can never be reused

Answer: (C) Lipodystrophic areas can result, causing erratic insulin absorption rates from these
Lipodystrophy is the development of fibrofatty masses at the injection site caused by repeated use of an injection site. Injecting insulin into these scarred areas can cause the insulin to be poorly absorbed and lead to erratic reactions.
35. Which of the following would be inappropriate to include in a diabetic teaching plan?
A. Change position hourly to increase circulation
B. Inspect feet and legs daily for any changes
C. Keep legs elevated on 2 pillows while sleeping
D. Keep the insulin not in use in the refrigerator

Answer: (C) Keep legs elevated on 2 pillows while sleeping
The client with DM has decreased peripheral circulation caused by microangiopathy. Keeping the legs elevated during sleep will further cause circulatory impairment.
36. Included in the plan of care for the immediate post-gastroscopy period will be:
A. Maintain NGT to intermittent suction
B. Assess gag reflex prior to administration of fluids
C. Assess for pain and medicate as ordered
D. Measure abdominal girth every 4 hours

Answer: (B) Assess gag reflex prior to administration of fluids
The client, after gastroscopy, has temporary impairment of the gag reflex due to the anesthetic that has been sprayed into his throat prior to the procedure. Giving fluids and food at this time can lead to aspiration.
36. Included in the plan of care for the immediate post-gastroscopy period will be:
A. Maintain NGT to intermittent suction
B. Assess gag reflex prior to administration of fluids
C. Assess for pain and medicate as ordered
D. Measure abdominal girth every 4 hours

Answer: (B) Assess gag reflex prior to administration of fluids
The client, after gastroscopy, has temporary impairment of the gag reflex due to the anesthetic that has been sprayed into his throat prior to the procedure. Giving fluids and food at this time can lead to aspiration.
37. Which description of pain would be most characteristic of a duodenal ulcer?
A. Gnawing, dull, aching, hungerlike pain in the epigastric area that is relieved by food intake
B. RUQ pain that increases after meal
C. Sharp pain in the epigastric area that radiates to the right shoulder
D. A sensation of painful pressure in the midsternal area

Answer: (A) Gnawing, dull, aching, hungerlike pain in the epigastric area that is relieved by food intake
Duodenal ulcer is related to an increase in the secretion of HCl. This can be buffered by food intake thus the relief of the pain that is brought about by food intake.
38. The client underwent Billroth surgery for gastric ulcer. Post-operatively, the drainage from his NGT is thick and the volume of secretions has dramatically reduced in the last 2 hours and the client feels like vomiting. The most appropriate nursing action is to:

A. Reposition the NGT by advancing it gently NSS
B. Notify the MD of your findings
C. Irrigate the NGT with 50 cc of sterile
D. Discontinue the low-intermittent suction

Answer: (B) Notify the MD of your findings
The client’s feeling of vomiting and the reduction in the volume of NGT drainage that is thick are signs of possible abdominal distention caused by obstruction of the NGT. This should be reported immediately to the MD to prevent tension and rupture on the site of anastomosis caused by gastric distention.
39. After Billroth II Surgery, the client developed dumping syndrome. Which of the following should
the nurse exclude in the plan of care?

A. Sit upright for at least 30 minutes after meals
B. Take only sips of H2O between bites of solid food
C. Eat small meals every 2-3 hours
D. Reduce the amount of simple carbohydrate in the diet

Answer: (A) Sit upright for at least 30 minutes after meals
The dumping syndrome occurs within 30 mins after a meal due to rapid gastric emptying, causing distention of the duodenum or jejunum produced by a bolus of food. To delay the emptying, the client has to lie down after meals. Sitting up after meals will promote the dumping syndrome.
40. The laboratory of a male patient with Peptic ulcer revealed an elevated titer of Helicobacter pylori.
Which of the following statements indicate an understanding of this data?

A. Treatment will include Ranitidine and Antibiotics
B. No treatment is necessary at this time
C. This result indicates gastric cancer caused by the organism
D. Surgical treatment is necessary

Answer: (A) Treatment will include Ranitidine and Antibiotics
One of the causes of peptic ulcer is H. Pylori infection. It releases toxin that destroys the gastric and duodenal mucosa which decreases the gastric epithelium’s resistance to acid digestion. Giving antibiotics will control the infection and Ranitidine, which is a histamine-2 blocker, will reduce acid secretion that can lead to ulcer.
41. What instructions should the client be given before undergoing a paracentesis?
A. NPO 12 hours before procedure
B. Empty bladder before procedure
C. Strict bed rest following procedure
D. Empty bowel before procedure

Answer: (B) Empty bladder before procedure
Paracentesis involves the removal of ascitic fluid from the peritoneal cavity through a puncture made below the umbilicus. The client needs to void before the procedure to prevent accidental puncture of a distended bladder during the procedure.
42. The husband of a client asks the nurse about the protein-restricted diet ordered because of advanced liver disease. What statement by the nurse would best explain the purpose of the diet?

A. “The liver cannot rid the body of ammonia that is made by the breakdown of protein in the digestive system.”
B. “The liver heals better with a high carbohydrates diet rather than protein.”
C. “Most people have too much protein in their diets. The amount of this diet is better for liver healing.”
D. “Because of portal hyperemesis, the blood flows around the liver and ammonia made from protein collects in the brain causing hallucinations.”

Answer: (A) “The liver cannot rid the body of ammonia that is made by the breakdown of protein in the digestive system.”
The largest source of ammonia is the enzymatic and bacterial digestion of dietary and blood proteins in the GI tract. A protein-restricted diet will therefore decrease ammonia production.
43. Which of the drug of choice for pain controls the patient with acute pancreatitis?
A. Morphine
B. NSAIDS
C. Meperidine
D. Codeine

Answer: (C) Meperidine
Pain in acute pancreatitis is caused by irritation and edema of the inflamed pancreas as well as spasm due to obstruction of the pancreatic ducts. Demerol is the drug of choice because it is less likely to cause spasm of the Sphincter of Oddi unlike Morphine which is spasmogenic.
44. Immediately after cholecystectomy, the nursing action that should assume the highest priority is:
A. encouraging the client to take adequate deep breaths by mouth
B. encouraging the client to cough and deep breathe
C. changing the dressing at least BID
D. irrigate the T-tube frequently

Answer: (B) encouraging the client to cough and deep breathe
Cholecystectomy requires a subcostal incision. To minimize pain, clients have a tendency to take shallow breaths which can lead to respiratory complications like pneumonia and atelectasis. Deep breathing and coughing exercises can help prevent such complications.
45. A Sengstaken-Blakemore tube is inserted in the effort to stop the bleeding esophageal varices in a patient with complicated liver cirrhosis. Upon insertion of the tube, the client complains of difficulty of breathing. The first action of the nurse is to:

A. Deflate the esophageal balloon
B. Monitor VS
C. Encourage him to take deep breaths
D. Notify the MD

Answer: (A) Deflate the esophageal balloon
When a client with a Sengstaken-Blakemore tube develops difficulty of breathing, it means the tube is displaced and the inflated balloon is in the oropharynx causing airway obstruction
46. The client presents with severe rectal bleeding, 16 diarrheal stools a day, severe abdominal pain, tenesmus and dehydration. Because of these symptoms the nurse should be alert for other problems associated with what disease?

A. Chrons disease
B. Ulcerative colitis
C. Diverticulitis
D. Peritonitis

Answer: (B) Ulcerative colitis
Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory condition producing edema and ulceration affecting the entire colon. Ulcerations lead to sloughing that causes stools as many as 10-20 times a day that is filled with blood, pus and mucus. The other symptoms mentioned accompany the problem.
47. A client is being evaluated for cancer of the colon. In preparing the client for barium enema, the nurse should:

A. Give laxative the night before and a cleansing enema in the morning before the test
B. Render an oil retention enema and give laxative the night before
C. Instruct the client to swallow 6 radiopaque tablets the evening before the study
D. Place the client on CBR a day before the study

Answer: (A) Give laxative the night before and a cleansing enema in the morning before the test
Barium enema is the radiologic visualization of the colon using a die. To obtain accurate results in this procedure, the bowels must be emptied of fecal material thus the need for laxative and enema.
48. The client has a good understanding of the means to reduce the chances of colon cancer when
he states:

A. “I will exercise daily.”
B. “I will include more red meat in my diet.”
C. “I will have an annual chest x-ray.”
D. “I will include more fresh fruits and vegetables in my diet.”

Answer: (D) “I will include more fresh fruits and vegetables in my diet.”
Numerous aspects of diet and nutrition may contribute to the development of cancer. A low-fiber diet, such as when fresh fruits and vegetables are minimal or lacking in the diet, slows transport of materials through the gut which has been linked to colorectal cancer.
49. Days after abdominal surgery, the client’s wound dehisces. The safest nursing intervention when
this occurs is to

A. Cover the wound with sterile, moist saline dressing
B. Approximate the wound edges with tapes
C. Irrigate the wound with sterile saline
D. Hold the abdominal contents in place with a sterile gloved hand

Answer: (A) Cover the wound with sterile, moist saline dressing
Dehiscence is the partial or complete separation of the surgical wound edges. When this occurs, the client is placed in low Fowler’s position and instructed to lie quietly. The wound should be covered to protect it from exposure and the dressing must be sterile to protect it from infection and moist to prevent the dressing from sticking to the wound which can disturb the healing process.
50. An intravenous pyelogram reveals that Paulo, age 35, has a renal calculus. He is believed to have a small stone that will pass spontaneously. To increase the chance of the stone passing, the nurse would instruct the client to force fluids and to

A. Strain all urine.
B. Ambulate.
C. Remain on bed rest.
D. Ask for medications to relax him.

Answer: (B) Ambulate.
Free unattached stones in the urinary tract can be passed out with the urine by ambulation which can mobilize the stone and by increased fluid intake which will flush out the stone during urination.
51. A female client is admitted with a diagnosis of acute renal failure. She is awake, alert, oriented, and complaining of severe back pain, nausea and vomiting and abdominal cramps. Her vital signs are blood pressure 100/70 mm Hg, pulse 110, respirations 30, and oral temperature 100.4°F (38°C). Her electrolytes are sodium 120 mEq/L, potassium 5.2 mEq/L; her urinary output for the first 8 hours is 50 ml. The client is displaying signs of which electrolyte imbalance?
A. Hyponatremia
B. Hyperkalemia
C. Hyperphosphatemia
D. Hypercalcemia

Answer: (A) Hyponatremia
The normal serum sodium level is 135 – 145 mEq/L. The client’s serum sodium is below normal. Hyponatremia also manifests itself with abdominal cramps and nausea and vomiting
52. Assessing the laboratory findings, which result would the nurse most likely expect to find in a
client with chronic renal failure?

A. BUN 10 to 30 mg/dl, potassium 4.0 mEq/L, creatinine 0.5 to 1.5 mg/dl
B. Decreased serum calcium, blood pH 7.2, potassium 6.5 mEq/L
C. BUN 15 mg/dl, increased serum calcium, creatinine l.0 mg/dl
D. BUN 35 to 40 mg/dl, potassium 3.5 mEq/L, pH 7.35, decreased serum calcium

Answer: (B) Decreased serum calcium, blood pH 7.2, potassium 6.5 mEq/L
Chronic renal failure is usually the end result of gradual tissue destruction and loss of renal function. With the loss of renal function, the kidneys ability to regulate fluid and electrolyte and acid base balance results. The serum Ca decreases as the kidneys fail to excrete phosphate, potassium and hydrogen ions are retained.
53. Treatment with hemodialysis is ordered for a client and an external shunt is created. Which nursing action would be of highest priority with regard to the external shunt?

A. Heparinize it daily.
B. Avoid taking blood pressure measurements or blood samples from the affected arm.
C. Change the Silastic tube daily.
D. Instruct the client not to use the affected arm.

Answer: (B) Avoid taking blood pressure measurements or blood samples from the affected arm.
In the client with an external shunt, don’t use the arm with the vascular access site to take blood pressure readings, draw blood, insert IV lines, or give injections because these procedures may rupture the shunt or occlude blood flow causing damage and obstructions in the shunt.
54. Romeo Diaz, age 78, is admitted to the hospital with the diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). He is scheduled for a transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). It would be inappropriate to include which of the following points in the preoperative teaching?

A. TURP is the most common operation for BPH.
B. Explain the purpose and function of a two-way irrigation system.
C. Expect bloody urine, which will clear as healing takes place.
D. He will be pain free.

Answer: (D) He will be pain free.
Surgical interventions involve an experience of pain for the client which can come in varying degrees. Telling the pain that he will be pain free is giving him false reassurance.
55. Roxy is admitted to the hospital with a possible diagnosis of appendicitis. On physical examination, the nurse should be looking for tenderness on palpation at McBurney’s point, which is located in the
A. left lower quadrant
B. left upper quadrant
C. right lower quadrant
D. right upper quadrant

Answer: (C) right lower quadrant
To be exact, the appendix is anatomically located at the Mc Burney’s point at the right iliac area of the right lower quadrant.
56. Mr. Valdez has undergone surgical repair of his inguinal hernia. Discharge teaching should include
A. telling him to avoid heavy lifting for 4 to 6 weeks
B. instructing him to have a soft bland diet for two weeks
C. telling him to resume his previous daily activities without limitations
D. recommending him to drink eight glasses of water daily

Answer: (A) telling him to avoid heavy lifting for 4 to 6 weeks
The client should avoid lifting heavy objects and any strenuous activity for 4-6 weeks after surgery to prevent stress on the inguinal area. There is no special diet required. The fluid intake of eight glasses a day is good advice but is not a priority in this case.
57. A 30-year-old homemaker fell asleep while smoking a cigarette. She sustained severe burns of the face,neck, anterior chest, and both arms and hands. Using the rule of nines, which is the best estimate of total body-surface area burned?

A. 18%
B. 22%
C. 31%
D. 40%

Answer: (C) 31%
Using the Rule of Nine in the estimation of total body surface burned, we allot the following: 9% - head; 9% - each upper extremity; 18%- front chest and abdomen; 18% - entire back; 18% - each lower extremity and 1% - perineum.
58. Nursing care planning is based on the knowledge that the first 24-48 hours post-burn are characterized by:

A. An increase in the total volume of intracranial plasma
B. Excessive renal perfusion with diuresis
C. Fluid shift from interstitial space
D. Fluid shift from intravascular space to the interstitial space

Answer: (D) Fluid shift from intravascular space to the interstitial space
This period is the burn shock stage or the hypovolemic phase. Tissue injury causes vasodilation that results in increase capillary permeability making fluids shift from the intravascular to the interstitial space. This can lead to a decrease in circulating blood volume or hypovolemia which decreases renal perfusion and urine output.
59. If a client has severe bums on the upper torso, which item would be a primary concern?
A. Debriding and covering the wounds
B. Administering antibiotics
C. Frequently observing for hoarseness, stridor, and dyspnea
D. Establishing a patent IV line for fluid replacement

Answer: (C) Frequently observing for hoarseness, stridor, and dyspnea
Burns located in the upper torso, especially resulting from thermal injury related to fires can lead to inhalation burns. This causes swelling of the respiratory mucosa and blistering which can lead to airway obstruction manifested by hoarseness, noisy and difficult breathing. Maintaining a patent airway is a primary concern.
60. Contractures are among the most serious long-term complications of severe burns. If a burn is located on the upper torso, which nursing measure would be least effective to help prevent contractures?

A. Changing the location of the bed or the TV set, or both, daily
B. Encouraging the client to chew gum and blow up balloons
C. Avoiding the use of a pillow for sleep, or placing the head in a position of hyperextension
D. Helping the client to rest in the position of maximal comfort

Answer: (D) Helping the client to rest in the position of maximal comfort
Mobility and placing the burned areas in their functional position can help prevent contracture deformities related to burns. Pain can immobilize a client as he seeks the position where he finds less pain and provides maximal comfort. But this approach can lead to contracture deformities and other complications.
61. An adult is receiving Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN). Which of the following assessment is essential?
A. evaluation of the peripheral IV site
B. confirmation that the tube is in the stomach
C. assess the bowel sound
D. fluid and electrolyte monitoring

Answer: (D) fluid and electrolyte monitoring
Total parenteral nutrition is a method of providing nutrients to the body by an IV route. The admixture is made up of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, electrolytes, vitamins, trace minerals and sterile water based on individual client needs. It is intended to improve the clients nutritional status. Because of its composition, it is important to monitor the clients fluid intake and output including electrolytes, blood glucose and weight.
62. Which drug would be least effective in lowering a client's serum potassium level?
A. Glucose and insulin
B. Polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate)
C. Calcium glucomite
D. Aluminum hydroxide

Answer: (D) Aluminum hydroxide
Aluminum hydroxide binds dietary phosphorus in the GI tract and helps treat hyperphosphatemia. All the other medications mentioned help treat hyperkalemia and its effects.
63. A nurse is directed to administer a hypotonic intravenous solution. Looking at the following labeled solutions, she should choose
A. 0.45% NaCl
B. 0.9% NaCl
C. D5W
D. D5NSS

Answer: (A) 0.45% NaCl
Hypotonic solutions like 0.45% NaCl has a lower tonicity that the blood; 0.9% NaCl and D5W are isotonic solutions with same tonicity as the blood; and D5NSS is hypertonic with a higher tonicity thab the blood.
64. A patient is hemorrhaging from multiple trauma sites. The nurse expects that compensatory mechanisms associated with hypovolemia would cause all of the following symptoms EXCEPT
A. hypertension
B. oliguria
C. tachycardia
D. tachypnea

Answer: (A) hypertension
In hypovolemia, one of the compenasatory mechanisms is activation of the sympathetic nervous system that increases the RR & PR and helps restore the BP to maintain tissue perfusion but not cause a hypertension. The SNS stimulation constricts renal arterioles that increases release of aldosterone, decreases glomerular filtration and increases sodium & water reabsorption that leads to oliguria.
65. Maria Sison, 40 years old, single, was admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of Breast Cancer. She was scheduled for radical mastectomy. Nursing care during the preoperative period should consist of

A. assuring Maria that she will be cured of cancer
B. assessing Maria's expectations and doubts
C. maintaining a cheerful and optimistic environment
D. keeping Maria's visitors to a minimum so she can have time for herself

Answer: (B) assessing Maria's expectations and doubts
Assessing the client’s expectations and doubts will help lessen her fears and anxieties. The nurse needs to encourage the client to verbalize and to listen and correctly provide explanations when needed.
66. Maria refuses to acknowledge that her breast was removed. She believes that her breast is intact under the dressing. The nurse should

A. call the MD to change the dressing so Kathy can see the incision
B. recognize that Kathy is experiencing denial, a normal stage of the grieving process
C. reinforce Kathy’s belief for several days until her body can adjust to stress of surgery.
D. remind Kathy that she needs to accept her diagnosis so that she can begin rehabilitation exercises.

Answer: (B) recognize that Kathy is experiencing denial, a normal stage of the grieving process
A person grieves to a loss of a significant object. The initial stage in the grieving process is denial, then anger, followed by bargaining, depression and last acceptance. The nurse should show acceptance of the patient’s feelings and encourage verbalization.
67. A chemotherapeutic agent 5FU is ordered as an adjunct measure to surgery. Which of the ff. statements about chemotherapy is true?
A. it is a local treatment affecting only tumor cells
B. it affects both normal and tumor cells
C. it has been proven as a complete cure for cancer
D. it is often used as a palliative measure.

Answer: (B) it affects both normal and tumor cells
Chemotherapeutic agents are given to destroy the actively proliferating cancer cells. But these agents cannot differentiate the abnormal actively proliferating cancer cells from those that are actively proliferating normal cells like the cells of the bone marrow, thus the effect of bone marrow depression.
68. Which is an incorrect statement pertaining to the following procedures for cancer diagnostics?
A. Biopsy is the removal of suspicious tissue and the only definitive method to diagnose cancer
B. Ultrasonography detects tissue density changes difficult to observe by X-ray via sound waves.
C. CT scanning uses magnetic fields and radio frequencies to provide cross-sectional view of tumor
D. Endoscopy provides direct view of a body cavity to detect abnormality.

Answer: (C) CT scanning uses magnetic fields and radio frequencies to provide cross-sectional view of tumor
CT scan uses narrow beam x-ray to provide cross-sectional view. MRI uses magnetic fields and radio frequencies to detect tumors.
69. A post-operative complication of mastectomy is lymphedema. This can be prevented by

A. ensuring patency of wound drainage tube
B. placing the arm on the affected side in a dependent position
C. restricting movement of the affected arm
D. frequently elevating the arm of the affected side above the level of the heart.

Answer: (D) frequently elevating the arm of the affected side above the level of the heart.
Elevating the arm above the level of the heart promotes good venous return to the heart and good lymphatic drainage thus preventing swelling.
70. Which statement by the client indicates to the nurse that the patient understands precautions necessary during internal radiation therapy for cancer of the cervix?

A. “I should get out of bed and walk around in my room.”
B. “My 7 year old twins should not come to visit me while I’m receiving treatment.”
C. “I will try not to cough, because the force might make me expel the application.”
D. “I know that my primary nurse has to wear one of those badges like the people in the x-ray department, but they are not necessary for anyone else who comes in here.”

Answer: (B) “My 7 year old twins should not come to visit me while I’m receiving treatment.”
Children have cells that are normally actively dividing in the process of growth. Radiation acts not only against the abnormally actively dividing cells of cancer but also on the normally dividing cells thus affecting the growth and development of the child and even causing cancer itself.
71. High uric acid levels may develop in clients who are receiving chemotherapy. This is caused by:

A. The inability of the kidneys to excrete the drug metabolites
B. Rapid cell catabolism
C. Toxic effect of the antibiotic that are given concurrently
D. The altered blood ph from the acid medium of the drugs

Answer: (B) Rapid cell catabolism
One of the oncologic emergencies, the tumor lysis syndrome, is caused by the rapid destruction of large number of tumor cells. . Intracellular contents are released, including potassium and purines, into the bloodstream faster than the body can eliminate them. The purines are converted in the liver to uric acid and released into the blood causing hyperuricemia. They can precipitate in the kidneys and block the tubules causing acute renal failure.
72. Which of the following interventions would be included in the care of plan in a client with cervical
implant?

A. Frequent ambulation
B. Unlimited visitors
C. Low residue diet
D. Vaginal irrigation every shift

Answer: (C) Low residue diet
It is important for the nurse to remember that the implant be kept intact in the cervix during therapy. Mobility and vaginal irrigations are not done. A low residue diet will prevent bowel movement that could lead to dislodgement of the implant. Patient is also strictly isolated to protect other people from the radiation emissions

73. Which nursing measure would avoid constriction on the affected arm immediately after mastectomy?

A. Avoid BP measurement and constricting clothing on the affected arm
B. Active range of motion exercises of the arms once a day.
C. Discourage feeding, washing or combing with the affected arm
D. Place the affected arm in a dependent position, below the level of the heart

Answer: (A) Avoid BP measurement and constricting clothing on the affected arm
A BP cuff constricts the blood vessels where it is applied. BP measurements should be done on the unaffected arm to ensure adequate circulation and venous and lymph drainage in the affected arm
74. A client suffering from acute renal failure has an unexpected increase in urinary output to 150ml/hr. The nurse assesses that the client has entered the second phase of acute renal failure. Nursing actions throughout this phase include observation for signs and symptoms of

A. Hypervolemia, hypokalemia, and hypernatremia.
B. Hypervolemia, hyperkalemia, and hypernatremia.
C. Hypovolemia, wide fluctuations in serum sodium and potassium levels.
D. Hypovolemia, no fluctuation in serum sodium and potassium levels.

Answer: (C) Hypovolemia, wide fluctuations in serum sodium and potassium levels.
The second phase of ARF is the diuretic phase or high output phase. The diuresis can result in an output of up to 10L/day of dilute urine. Loss of fluids and electrolytes occur.
75. An adult has just been brought in by ambulance after a motor vehicle accident. When assessing the client, the nurse would expect which of the following manifestations could have resulted from sympathetic nervous system stimulation?

A. A rapid pulse and increased RR
B. Decreased physiologic functioning
C. Rigid posture and altered perceptual focus
D. Increased awareness and attention

Answer: (A) A rapid pulse and increased RR
The fight or flight reaction of the sympathetic nervous system occurs during stress like in a motor vehicular accident. This is manifested by increased in cardiovascular function and RR to provide the immediate needs of the body for survival.
76. Ms. Sy undergoes surgery and the abdominal aortic aneurysm is resected and replaced with a graft. When she arrives in the RR she is still in shock. The nurse's priority should be

A. placing her in a trendeleburg position
B. putting several warm blankets on her
C. monitoring her hourly urine output
D. assessing her VS especially her RR

Answer: (D) assessing her VS especially her RR
Shock is characterized by reduced tissue and organ perfusion and eventual organ dysfunction and failure. Checking on the VS especially the RR, which detects need for oxygenation, is a priority to help detect its progress and provide for prompt management before the occurrence of complications.
77. A major goal for the client during the first 48 hours after a severe bum is to prevent hypovolemic shock. The best indicator of adequate fluid balance during this period is

A. Elevated hematocrit levels.
B. Urine output of 30 to 50 ml/hr.
C. Change in level of consciousness.
D. Estimate of fluid loss through the burn eschar.

Answer: (B) Urine output of 30 to 50 ml/hr.
Hypovolemia is a decreased in circulatory volume. This causes a decrease in tissue perfusion to the different organs of the body. Measuring the hourly urine output is the most quantifiable way of measuring tissue perfusion to the organs. Normal renal perfusion should produce 1ml/kg of BW/min. An output of 30-50 ml/hr is considered adequate and indicates good fluid balance.
78. A thoracentesis is performed on a chest-injured client, and no fluid or air is found. Blood and fluids is administered intravenously (IV), but the client's vital signs do not improve. A central venous pressure line is inserted, and the initial reading is 20 cm H^O. The most likely cause of these findings is which of the following?

A. Spontaneous pneumothorax
B. Ruptured diaphragm
C. Hemothorax
D. Pericardial tamponade

Answer: (D) Pericardial tamponade
Pericardial tamponade occurs when there is presence of fluid accumulation in the pericardial space that compresses on the ventricles causing a decrease in ventricular filling and stretching during diastole with a decrease in cardiac output. . This leads to right atrial and venous congestion manifested by a CVP reading above normal.
79. Intervention for a pt. who has swallowed a Muriatic Acid includes all of the following except
A. administering an irritant that will stimulate vomiting
B. aspirating secretions from the pharynx if respirations are affected
C. neutralizing the chemical
D. washing the esophagus with large volumes of water via gastric lavage

Answer: (A) administering an irritant that will stimulate vomiting
Swallowing of corrosive substances causes severe irritation and tissue destruction of the mucous membrane of the GI tract. Measures are taken to immediately remove the toxin or reduce its absorption. For corrosive poison ingestion, such as in muriatic acid where burn or perforation of the mucosa may occur, gastric emptying procedure is immediately instituted, This includes gastric lavage and the administration of activated charcoal to absorb the poison. Administering an irritant with the concomitant vomiting to remove the swallowed poison will further cause irritation and damage to the mucosal lining of the digestive tract. Vomiting is only indicated when non-corrosive poison is swallowed.
80. Which initial nursing assessment finding would best indicate that a client has been successfully resuscitated after a cardio-respiratory arrest?
A. Skin warm and dry
B. Pupils equal and react to light
C. Palpable carotid pulse
D. Positive Babinski's reflex

Answer: (C) Palpable carotid pulse
Presence of a palpable carotid pulse indicates the return of cardiac function which, together with the return of breathing, is the primary goal of CPR. Pulsations in arteries indicates blood flowing in the blood vessels with each cardiac contraction. Signs of effective tissue perfusion will be noted after.
81. Chemical burn of the eye are treated with
A. local anesthetics and antibacterial drops for 24 – 36 hrs.
B. hot compresses applied at 15-minute intervals
C. Flushing of the lids, conjunctiva and cornea with tap or preferably sterile water
D. cleansing the conjunctiva with a small cotton-tipped applicator

Answer: (C) Flushing of the lids, conjunctiva and cornea with tap or preferably sterile water
Prompt treatment of ocular chemical burns is important to prevent further damage. Immediate tap-water eye irrigation should be started on site even before transporting the patient to the nearest hospital facility. In the hospital, copious irrigation with normal saline, instillation of local anesthetic and antibiotic is done.
82. The Heimlich maneuver (abdominal thrust), for acute airway obstruction, attempts to:
A. Force air out of the lungs
B. Increase systemic circulation
C. Induce emptying of the stomach
D. Put pressure on the apex of the heart

Answer: (A) Force air out of the lungs
The Heimlich maneuver is used to assist a person choking on a foreign object. The pressure from the thrusts lifts the diaphragm, forces air out of the lungs and creates an artificial cough that expels the aspirated material.
83. John, 16 years old, is brought to the ER after a vehicular accident. He is pronounced dead on arrival. When his parents arrive at the hospital, the nurse should:
A. ask them to stay in the waiting area until she can spend time alone with them
B. speak to both parents together and encourage them to support each other and express their emotions freely
C. Speak to one parent at a time so that each can ventilate feelings of loss without upsetting the other
D. ask the MD to medicate the parents so they can stay calm to deal with their son’s death.

Answer: (B) speak to both parents together and encourage them to support each other and express their emotions freely
Sudden death of a family member creates a state of shock on the family. They go into a stage of denial and anger in their grieving. Assisting them with information they need to know, answering their questions and listening to them will provide the needed support for them to move on and be of support to one another.
84. An emergency treatment for an acute asthmatic attack is Adrenaline 1:1000 given hypodermically. This is given to:

A. increase BP
B. decrease mucosal swelling
C. relax the bronchial smooth muscle
D. decrease bronchial secretions

Answer: (C) relax the bronchial smooth muscle
Acute asthmatic attack is characterized by severe bronchospasm which can be relieved by the immediate administration of bronchodilators. Adrenaline or Epinephrine is an adrenergic agent that causes bronchial dilation by relaxing the bronchial smooth muscles.
85. A nurse is performing CPR on an adult patient. When performing chest compressions, the nurse understands the correct hand placement is located over the
A. upper half of the sternum
B. upper third of the sternum
C. lower half of the sternum
D. lower third of the sternum

Answer: (C) lower half of the sternum
The exact and safe location to do cardiac compression is the lower half of the sternum. Doing it at the lower third of the sternum may cause gastric compression which can lead to a possible aspiration.
86. The nurse is performing an eye examination on an elderly client. The client states ‘My vision is blurred, and I don’t easily see clearly when I get into a dark room.” The nurse best response is:

A. “You should be grateful you are not blind.”
B. “As one ages, visual changes are noted as part of degenerative changes. This is normal.”
C. “You should rest your eyes frequently.”
D. “You maybe able to improve you vision if you move slowly.”

Answer: (B) “As one ages, visual changes are noted as part of degenerative changes. This is normal.”
Aging causes less elasticity of the lens affecting accommodation leading to blurred vision. The muscles of the iris increase in stiffness and the pupils dilate slowly and less completely so that it takes the older person to adjust when going to and from light and dark environment and needs brighter light for close vision.
87. Which of the following activities is not encouraged in a patient after an eye surgery?
A. sneezing, coughing and blowing the nose
B. straining to have a bowel movement
C. wearing tight shirt collars
D. sexual intercourse

Answer: (D) sexual intercourse
To reduce increases in IOP, teach the client and family about activity restrictions. Sexual intercourse can cause a sudden rise in IOP.

88. Which of the following indicates poor practice in communicating with a hearing-impaired client?
A. Use appropriate hand motions
B. Keep hands and other objects away from your mouth when talking to the client
C. Speak clearly in a loud voice or shout to be heard
D. Converse in a quiet room with minimal distractions

Answer: (C) Speak clearly in a loud voice or shout to be heard
Shouting raises the frequency of the sound and often makes understanding the spoken words difficult. It is enough for the nurse to speak clearly and slowly.
89. A client is to undergo lumbar puncture. Which is least important information about LP?

A. Specimens obtained should be labeled in their proper sequence.
B. It may be used to inject air, dye or drugs into the spinal canal.
C. Assess movements and sensation in the lower extremities after the
D. Force fluids before and after the procedure.

Answer: (D) Force fluids before and after the procedure.
LP involves the removal of some amount of spinal fluid. To facilitate CSF production, the client is instructed to increase fluid intake to 3L, unless contraindicated, for 24 to 48 hrs after the procedure.
90. A client diagnosed with cerebral thrombosis is scheduled for cerebral angiography. Nursing care of the client includes the following EXCEPT

A. Inform the client that a warm, flushed feeling and a salty taste may be
B. Maintain pressure dressing over the site of puncture and check for
C. Check pulse, color and temperature of the extremity distal to the site of
D. Kept the extremity used as puncture site flexed to prevent bleeding.

Answer: (D) Kept the extremity used as puncture site flexed to prevent bleeding.
Angiography involves the threading of a catheter through an artery which can cause trauma to the endothelial lining of the blood vessel. The platelets are attracted to the area causing thrombi formation. This is further enhanced by the slowing of blood flow caused by flexion of the affected extremity. The affected extremity must be kept straight and immobilized during the duration of the bedrest after the procedure. Ice bag can be applied intermittently to the puncture site.
91. Which is considered as the earliest sign of increased ICP that the nurse should closely observed for?

A. abnormal respiratory pattern
B. rising systolic and widening pulse pressure
C. contralateral hemiparesis and ipsilateral dilation of the pupils
D. progression from restlessness to confusion and disorientation to lethargy

Answer: (D) progression from restlessness to confusion and disorientation to lethargy
The first major effect of increasing ICP is a decrease in cerebral perfusion causing hypoxia that produces a progressive alteration in the LOC. This is initially manifested by restlessness.
92. Which is irrelevant in the pharmacologic management of a client with CVA?

A. Osmotic diuretics and corticosteroids are given to decrease cerebral edema
B. Anticonvulsants are given to prevent seizures
C. Thrombolytics are most useful within three hours of an occlusive CVA
D. Aspirin is used in the acute management of a completed stroke.

Answer: (D) Aspirin is used in the acute management of a completed stroke.
The primary goal in the management of CVA is to improve cerebral tissue perfusion. Aspirin is a platelet deaggregator used in the prevention of recurrent or embolic stroke but is not used in the acute management of a completed stroke as it may lead to bleeding.
93. What would be the MOST therapeutic nursing action when a client’s expressive aphasia is severe?

A. Anticipate the client wishes so she will not need to talk
B. Communicate by means of questions that can be answered by the client shaking the head
C. Keep us a steady flow rank to minimize silence
D. Encourage the client to speak at every possible opportunity.

Answer: (D) Encourage the client to speak at every possible opportunity.
Expressive or motor aphasia is a result of damage in the Broca’s area of the frontal lobe. It is amotor speech problem in which the client generally understands what is said but is unable to communicate verbally. The patient can best he helped therefore by encouraging him to communicate and reinforce this behavior positively.
94. A client with head injury is confused, drowsy and has unequal pupils. Which of the following nursing diagnosis is most important at this time?

A. altered level of cognitive function
B. high risk for injury
C. altered cerebral tissue perfusion
D. sensory perceptual alteration

Answer: (C) altered cerebral tissue perfusion
The observations made by the nurse clearly indicate a problem of decrease cerebral perfusion. Restoring cerebral perfusion is most important to maintain cerebral functioning and prevent further brain damage.
95. Which nursing diagnosis is of the highest priority when caring for a client with myasthenia gravis?
A. Pain
B. High risk for injury related to muscle weakness
C. Ineffective coping related to illness
D. Ineffective airway clearance related to muscle weakness

Answer: (D) Ineffective airway clearance related to muscle weakness
Myasthenia gravis causes a failure in the transmission of nerve impulses at the neuromuscular junction which may be due to a weakening or decrease in acetylcholine receptor sites. This leads to sporadic, progressive weakness or abnormal fatigability of striated muscles that eventually causes loss of function. The respiratory muscles can become weak with decreased tidal volume and vital capacity making breathing and clearing the airway through coughing difficult. The respiratory muscle weakness may be severe enough to require and emergency airway and mechanical ventilation.
96. The client has clear drainage from the nose and ears after a head injury. How can the nurse determine if the drainage is CSF?

A. Measure the ph of the fluid
B. Measure the specific gravity of the fluid
C. Test for glucose
D. Test for chlorides

Answer: (C) Test for glucose
The CSF contains a large amount of glucose which can be detected by using glucostix. A positive result with the drainage indicate CSF leakage.
97. The nurse includes the important measures for stump care in the teaching plan for a client with an amputation. Which measure would be excluded from the teaching plan?
A. Wash, dry, and inspect the stump daily.
B. Treat superficial abrasions and blisters promptly.
C. Apply a "shrinker" bandage with tighter arms around the proximal end of the affected limb.
D. Toughen the stump by pushing it against a progressively harder substance (e.g., pillow on a foot-stool).

Answer: (C) Apply a "shrinker" bandage with tighter arms around the proximal end of the affected limb.
The “shrinker” bandage is applied to prevent swelling of the stump. It should be applied with the distal end with the tighter arms. Applying the tighter arms at the proximal end will impair circulation and cause swelling by reducing venous flow.
98. A 70-year-old female comes to the clinic for a routine checkup. She is 5 feet 4 inches tall and weighs 180 pounds. Her major complaint is pain in her joints. She is retired and has had to give up her volunteer work because of her discomfort. She was told her diagnosis was osteoarthritis about 5 years ago. Which would be excluded from the clinical pathway for this client?

A. Decrease the calorie count of her daily diet.
B. Take warm baths when arising.
C. Slide items across the floor rather than lift them.
D. Place items so that it is necessary to bend or stretch to reach them.

Answer: (D) Place items so that it is necessary to bend or stretch to reach them.
Patients with osteoarthritis have decreased mobility caused by joint pain. Over-reaching and stretching to get an object are to be avoided as this can cause more pain and can even lead to falls. The nurse should see to it therefore that objects are within easy reach of the patient.
99. A client is admitted from the emergency department with severe-pain and edema in the right foot. His diagnosis is gouty arthritis. When developing a plan of care, which action would have the highest priority?

A. Apply hot compresses to the affected joints.
B. Stress the importance of maintaining good posture to prevent deformities.
C. Administer salicylates to minimize the inflammatory reaction.
D. Ensure an intake of at least 3000 ml of fluid per day.

Answer: (D) Ensure an intake of at least 3000 ml of fluid per day.
Gouty arthritis is a metabolic disease marked by urate deposits that cause painful arthritic joints. The patient should be urged to increase his fluid intake to prevent the development of urinary uric acid stones.
100. A client had a laminectomy and spinal fusion yesterday. Which statement is to be excluded from your plan of care?

A. Before log rolling, place a pillow under the client's head and a pillow between the client's legs.
B. Before log rolling, remove the pillow from under the client's head and use no pillows between the client's legs.
C. Keep the knees slightly flexed while the client is lying in a semi-Fowler's position in bed.
D. Keep a pillow under the client's head as needed for comfort.

Answer: (B) Before log rolling, remove the pillow from under the client's head and use no pillows between the client's legs.
Following a laminectomy and spinal fusion, it is important that the back of the patient be maintained in straight alignment and to support the entire vertebral column to promote complete healing.
101. The nurse is assisting in planning care for a client with a diagnosis of immune deficiency. The nurse would incorporate which of the ff. as a priority in the plan of care?

A. providing emotional support to decrease fear
B. protecting the client from infection
C. encouraging discussion about lifestyle changes
D. identifying factors that decreased the immune function

Answer: (B) protecting the client from infection
Immunodeficiency is an absent or depressed immune response that increases susceptibility to infection. So it is the nurse’s primary responsibility to protect the patient from infection.
102. Joy, an obese 32 year old, is admitted to the hospital after an automobile accident. She has a fractured hip and is brought to the OR for surgery.

After surgery Joy is to receive a piggy-back of Clindamycin phosphate (Cleocin) 300 mg in 50 ml of D5W. The piggyback is to infuse in 20 minutes. The drop factor of the IV set is 10 gtt/ml. The nurse should set the piggyback to flow at:

A. 25 gtt/min
B. 30 gtt/min
C. 35 gtt/min
D. 45 gtt/min

Answer: (A) 25 gtt/min
To get the correct flow rate: multiply the amount to be infused (50 ml) by the drop factor (10) and divide the result by the amount of time in minutes (20)
103. The day after her surgery Joy asks the nurse how she might lose weight. Before answering her question, the nurse should bear in mind that long-term weight loss best occurs when:

A. Fats are controlled in the diet
B. Eating habits are altered
C. Carbohydrates are regulated
D. Exercise is part of the program

Answer: (B) Eating habits are altered
For weight reduction to occur and be maintained, a new dietary program, with a balance of foods from the basic four food groups, must be established and continued
104. The nurse teaches Joy, an obese client, the value of aerobic exercises in her weight reduction program. The nurse would know that this teaching was effective when Joy says that exercise will:

A. Increase her lean body mass
B. Lower her metabolic rate
C. Decrease her appetite
D. Raise her heart rate

Answer: (A) Increase her lean body mass
Increased exercise builds skeletal muscle mass and reduces excess fatty tissue.
105. The physician orders non-weight bearing with crutches for Joy, who had surgery for a fractured hip. The most important activity to facilitate walking with crutches before ambulation begun is:

A. Exercising the triceps, finger flexors, and elbow extensors
B. Sitting up at the edge of the bed to help strengthen back muscles
C. Doing isometric exercises on the unaffected leg
D. Using the trapeze frequently for pull-ups to strengthen the biceps muscles

Answer: (A) Exercising the triceps, finger flexors, and elbow extensors
These sets of muscles are used when walking with crutches and therefore need strengthening prior to ambulation.
106. The nurse recognizes that a client understood the demonstration of crutch walking when she places her weight on:

A. The palms and axillary regions
B. Both feet placed wide apart
C. The palms of her hands
D. Her axillary regions

Answer: (C) The palms of her hands
The palms should bear the client’s weight to avoid damage to the nerves in the axilla (brachial plexus)

107. Joey is a 46 year-old radio technician who is admitted because of mild chest pain. He is 5 feet, 8 inches tall and weighs 190 pounds. He is diagnosed with a myocardial infarct. Morphine sulfate, Diazepam (Valium) and Lidocaine are prescribed.

The physician orders 8 mg of Morphine Sulfate to be given IV. The vial on hand is labeled 1 ml/ 10 mg. The nurse should administer:

A. 8 minims
B. 10 minims
C. 12 minims
D. 15 minims

Answer: (C) 12 minims
Using ratio and proportion 8 mg/10 mg = X minims/15 minims 10 X= 120 X = 12 minims The nurse will administer 12 minims intravenously equivalent to 8mg Morphine Sulfate
108. Joey asks the nurse why he is receiving the injection of Morphine after he was hospitalized for severe anginal pain. The nurse replies that it:

A. Will help prevent erratic heart beats
B. Relieves pain and decreases level of anxiety
C. Decreases anxiety
D. Dilates coronary blood vessels

Answer: (B) Relieves pain and decreases level of anxiety
Morphine is a specific central nervous system depressant used to relieve the pain associated with myocardial infarction. It also decreases anxiety and apprehension and prevents cardiogenic shock by decreasing myocardial oxygen demand.

109. Oxygen 3L/min by nasal cannula is prescribed for Joey who is admitted to the hospital for chest pain. The nurse institutes safety precautions in the room because oxygen:

A. Converts to an alternate form of matter
B. Has unstable properties
C. Supports combustion
D. Is flammable

Answer: (C) Supports combustion
The nurse should know that Oxygen is necessary to produce fire, thus precautionary measures are important regarding its use.
110. Myra is ordered laboratory tests after she is admitted to the hospital for angina. The isoenzyme test that is the most reliable early indicator of myocardial insult is:

A. SGPT
B. LDH
C. CK-MB
D. AST

Answer: (C) CK-MB
The cardiac marker, Creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) isoenzyme levels, especially the MB sub-unit which is cardio-specific, begin to rise in 3-6 hours, peak in 12-18 hours and are elevated 48 hours after the occurrence of the infarct. They are therefore most reliable in assisting with early diagnosis. The cardiac markers elevate as a result of myocardial tissue damage.
111. An early finding in the EKG of a client with an infarcted mycardium would be:

A. Disappearance of Q waves
B. Elevated ST segments
C. Absence of P wave
D. Flattened T waves

Answer: (B) Elevated ST segments
This is a typical early finding after a myocardial infarct because of the altered contractility of the heart. The other choices are not typical of MI.
112. Jose, who had a myocardial infarction 2 days earlier, has been complaining to the nurse about issues related to his hospital stay. The best initial nursing response would be to:

A. Allow him to release his feelings and then leave him alone to allow him to regain his composure
B. Refocus the conversation on his fears, frustrations and anger about his condition
C. Explain how his being upset dangerously disturbs his need for rest
D. Attempt to explain the purpose of different hospital routines

Answer: (B) Refocus the conversation on his fears, frustrations and anger about his condition
This provides the opportunity for the client to verbalize feelings underlying behavior and helpful in relieving anxiety. Anxiety can be a stressor which can activate the sympathoadrenal response causing the release of catecholamines that can increase cardiac contractility and workload that can further increase myocardial oxygen demand.
113. Twenty four hours after admission for an Acute MI, Jose’s temperature is noted at 39.3 C. The nurse monitors him for other adaptations related to the pyrexia, including:

A. Shortness of breath
B. Chest pain
C. Elevated blood pressure
D. Increased pulse rate

Answer: (D) Increased pulse rate
Fever causes an increase in the body’s metabolism, which results in an increase in oxygen consumption and demand. This need for oxygen increases the heart rate, which is reflected in the increased pulse rate. Increased BP, chest pain and shortness of breath are not typically noted in fever.
114. Jose, who is admitted to the hospital for chest pain, asks the nurse, “Is it still possible for me to have another heart attack if I watch my diet religiously and avoid stress?” The most appropriate initial response would be for the nurse to:

A. Suggest he discuss his feelings of vulnerability with his physician.
B. Tell him that he certainly needs to be especially careful about his diet and lifestyle.
C. Avoid giving him direct information and help him explore his feelings
D. Recognize that he is frightened and suggest he talk with the psychiatrist or counselor.

Answer: (C) Avoid giving him direct information and help him explore his feelings
To help the patient verbalize and explore his feelings, the nurse must reflect and analyze the feelings that are implied in the client’s question. The focus should be on collecting data to minister to the client’s psychosocial needs.
115. Ana, 55 years old, is admitted to the hospital to rule out pernicious anemia. A Schilling test is ordered for Ana. The nurse recognizes that the primary purpose of the Schilling test is to determine the client’s ability to:

A. Store vitamin B12
B. Digest vitamin B12
C. Absorb vitamin B12
D. Produce vitamin B12

Answer: (C) Absorb vitamin B12
Pernicious anemia is caused by the inability to absorb vitamin B12 in the stomach due to a lack of intrinsic factor in the gastric juices. In the Schilling test, radioactive vitamin B12 is administered and its absorption and excretion can be ascertained through the urine.
116. Ana is diagnosed to have Pernicious anemia. The physician orders 0.2 mg of Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12) IM. Available is a vial of the drug labeled 1 ml= 100 mcg. The nurse should administer:

A. 0.5 ml
B. 1.0 ml
C. 1.5 ml
D. 2.0 ml

Answer: (D) 2.0 ml
First convert milligrams to micrograms and then use ratio and proportion (0.2 mg= 200 mcg) 200 mcg : 100 mcg= X ml : ml 100 X= 200 X = 2 ml. Inject 2 ml. to give 0.2 mg of Cyanocobalamin.
117. Health teachings to be given to a client with Pernicious Anemia regarding her therapeutic regimen concerning Vit. B12 will include:

A. Oral tablets of Vitamin B12 will control her symptoms
B. IM injections are required for daily control
C. IM injections once a month will maintain control
D. Weekly Z-track injections provide needed control

Answer: (C) IM injections once a month will maintain control
Deep IM injections bypass B12 absorption defect in the stomach due to lack of intrinsic factor, the transport carrier component of gastric juices. A monthly dose is usually sufficient since it is stored in active body tissues such as the liver, kidney, heart, muscles, blood and bone marrow
118. The nurse knows that a client with Pernicious Anemia understands the teaching regarding the vitamin B12 injections when she states that she must take it:

A. When she feels fatigued
B. During exacerbations of anemia
C. Until her symptoms subside
D. For the rest of her life

Answer: (D) For the rest of her life
Since the intrinsic factor does not return to gastric secretions even with therapy, B12 injections will be required for the remainder of the client’s life.
119. Arthur Cruz, a 45 year old artist, has recently had an abdominoperineal resection and colostomy. Mr. Cruz accuses the nurse of being uncomfortable during a dressing change, because his “wound looks terrible.” The nurse recognizes that the client is using the defense mechanism known as:

A. Reaction Formation
B. Sublimation
C. Intellectualization
D. Projection

Answer: (D) Projection
Projection is the attribution of unacceptable feelings and emotions to others which may indicate the patients nonacceptance of his condition.
120. When preparing to teach a client with colostomy how to irrigate his colostomy, the nurse should plan to perform the procedure:

A. When the client would have normally had a bowel movement
B. After the client accepts he had a bowel movement
C. Before breakfast and morning care
D. At least 2 hours before visitors arrive

Answer: (A) When the client would have normally had a bowel movement
Irrigation should be performed at the time the client normally defecated before the colostomy to maintain continuity in lifestyle and usual bowel function/habit.
121. When observing an ostomate do a return demonstration of the colostomy irrigation, the nurse notes that he needs more teaching if he:

A. Stops the flow of fluid when he feels uncomfortable
B. Lubricates the tip of the catheter before inserting it into the stoma
C. Hangs the bag on a clothes hook on the bathroom door during fluid insertion
D. Discontinues the insertion of fluid after only 500 ml of fluid has been instilled

Answer: (C) Hangs the bag on a clothes hook on the bathroom door during fluid insertion
The irrigation bag should be hung 12-18 inches above the level of the stoma; a clothes hook is too high which can create increase pressure and sudden intestinal distention and cause abdominal discomfort to the patient.
122. When doing colostomy irrigation at home, a client with colostomy should be instructed to report to his physician :

A. Abdominal cramps during fluid inflow
B. Difficulty in inserting the irrigating tube
C. Passage of flatus during expulsion of feces
D. Inability to complete the procedure in half an hour

Answer: (B) Difficulty in inserting the irrigating tube
Difficulty of inserting the irrigating tube indicates stenosis of the stoma and should be reported to the physician. Abdominal cramps and passage of flatus can be expected during colostomy irrigations. The procedure may take longer than half an hour.
123. A client with colostomy refuses to allow his wife to see the incision or stoma and ignores most of his dietary instructions. The nurse on assessing this data, can assume that the client is experiencing:

A. A reaction formation to his recent altered body image.
B. A difficult time accepting reality and is in a state of denial.
C. Impotency due to the surgery and needs sexual counseling
D. Suicide thoughts and should be seen by psychiatrist

Answer: (B) A difficult time accepting reality and is in a state of denial.
As long as no one else confirms the presence of the stoma and the client does not need to adhere to a prescribed regimen, the client’s denial is supported
124. The nurse would know that dietary teaching had been effective for a client with colostomy when he states that he will eat:

A. Food low in fiber so that there is less stool
B. Everything he ate before the operation but will avoid those foods that cause gas
C. Bland foods so that his intestines do not become irritated
D. Soft foods that are more easily digested and absorbed by the large intestines

Answer: (B) Everything he ate before the operation but will avoid those foods that cause gas
There is no special diets for clients with colostomy. These clients can eat a regular diet. Only gas-forming foods that cause distention and discomfort should be avoided.
125. Eddie, 40 years old, is brought to the emergency room after the crash of his private plane. He has suffered multiple crushing wounds of the chest, abdomen and legs. It is feared his leg may have to be amputated.

When Eddie arrives in the emergency room, the assessment that assume the greatest priority are:

A. Level of consciousness and pupil size
B. Abdominal contusions and other wounds
C. Pain, Respiratory rate and blood pressure
D. Quality of respirations and presence of pulsesQuality of respirations and presence of pulses

Answer: (D) Quality of respirations and presence of pulsesQuality of respirations and presence of pulses
Respiratory and cardiovascular functions are essential for oxygenation. These are top priorities to trauma management. Basic life functions must be maintained or reestablished
126. Eddie, a plane crash victim, undergoes endotracheal intubation and positive pressure ventilation. The most immediate nursing intervention for him at this time would be to:

A. Facilitate his verbal communication
B. Maintain sterility of the ventilation system
C. Assess his response to the equipment
D. Prepare him for emergency surgery

Answer: (C) Assess his response to the equipment
It is a primary nursing responsibility to evaluate effect of interventions done to the client. Nothing is achieved if the equipment is working and the client is not responding
127. A chest tube with water seal drainage is inserted to a client following a multiple chest injury. A few hours later, the client’s chest tube seems to be obstructed. The most appropriate nursing action would be to

A. Prepare for chest tube removal
B. Milk the tube toward the collection container as ordered
C. Arrange for a stat Chest x-ray film.
D. Clam the tube immediately

Answer: (B) Milk the tube toward the collection container as ordered
This assists in moving blood, fluid or air, which may be obstructing drainage, toward the collection chamber
128. The observation that indicates a desired response to thoracostomy drainage of a client with chest injury is:

A. Increased breath sounds
B. Constant bubbling in the drainage chamber
C. Crepitus detected on palpation of chest
D. Increased respiratory rate

Answer: (A) Increased breath sounds
The chest tube normalizes intrathoracic pressure and restores negative intra-pleural pressure, drains fluid and air from the pleural space, and improves pulmonary function
129. In the evaluation of a client’s response to fluid replacement therapy, the observation that indicates adequate tissue perfusion to vital organs is:

A. Urinary output is 30 ml in an hour
B. Central venous pressure reading of 2 cm H2O
C. Pulse rates of 120 and 110 in a 15 minute period
D. Blood pressure readings of 50/30 and 70/40 within 30 minutes

Answer: (A) Urinary output is 30 ml in an hour
A rate of 30 ml/hr is considered adequate for perfusion of kidney, heart and brain.
130. A client with multiple injury following a vehicular accident is transferred to the critical care unit. He begins to complain of increased abdominal pain in the left upper quadrant. A ruptured spleen is diagnosed and he is scheduled for emergency splenectomy. In preparing the client for surgery, the nurse should emphasize in his teaching plan the:

A. Complete safety of the procedure
B. Expectation of postoperative bleeding
C. Risk of the procedure with his other injuries
D. Presence of abdominal drains for several days after surgery

Answer: (D) Presence of abdominal drains for several days after surgery
Drains are usually inserted into the splenic bed to facilitate removal of fluid in the area that could lead to abscess formation.
131. To promote continued improvement in the respiratory status of a client following chest tube removal after a chest surgery for multiple rib fracture, the nurse should:

A. Encourage bed rest with active and passive range of motion exercises
B. Encourage frequent coughing and deep breathing
C. Turn him from side to side at least every 2 hours
D. Continue observing for dyspnea and crepitus

Answer: (B) Encourage frequent coughing and deep breathing
This nursing action prevents atelectasis and collection of respiratory secretions and promotes adequate ventilation and gas exchange.
132. A client undergoes below the knee amputation following a vehicular accident. Three days postoperatively, the client is refusing to eat, talk or perform any rehabilitative activities. The best initial nursing approach would be to:

A. Give him explanations of why there is a need to quickly increase his activity
B. Emphasize repeatedly that with as prosthesis, he will be able to return to his normal lifestyle
C. Appear cheerful and non-critical regardless of his response to attempts at intervention
D. Accept and acknowledge that his withdrawal is an initially normal and necessary part of grieving

Answer: (D) Accept and acknowledge that his withdrawal is an initially normal and necessary part of grieving
The withdrawal provides time for the client to assimilate what has occurred and integrate the change in the body image. Acceptance of the client’s behavior is an important factor in the nurse’s intervention.
133. The key factor in accurately assessing how body image changes will be dealt with by the client is the:

A. Extent of body change present
B. Suddenness of the change
C. Obviousness of the change
D. Client’s perception of the change

Answer: (D) Client’s perception of the change
It is not reality, but the client’s feeling about the change that is the most important determinant of the ability to cope. The client should be encouraged to his feelings.
134. Larry is diagnosed as having myelocytic leukemia and is admitted to the hospital for chemotherapy. Larry discusses his recent diagnosis of leukemia by referring to statistical facts and figures. The nurse recognizes that Larry is using the defense mechanism known as:

A. Reaction formation
B. Sublimation
C. Intellectualization
D. Projection

Answer: (C) Intellectualization
People use defense mechanisms to cope with stressful events. Intellectualization is the use of reasoning and thought processes to avoid the emotional upsets.
135. The laboratory results of the client with leukemia indicate bone marrow depression. The nurse should encourage the client to:

A. Increase his activity level and ambulate frequently
B. Sleep with the head of his bed slightly elevated
C. Drink citrus juices frequently for nourishment
D. Use a soft toothbrush and electric razor

Answer: (D) Use a soft toothbrush and electric razor
Suppression of red bone marrow increases bleeding susceptibility associated with thrombocytopenia, decreased platelets. Anemia and leucopenia are the two other problems noted with bone marrow depression.
136. Dennis receives a blood transfusion and develops flank pain, chills, fever and hematuria. The nurse recognizes that Dennis is probably experiencing:

A. An anaphylactic transfusion reaction
B. An allergic transfusion reaction
C. A hemolytic transfusion reaction
D. A pyrogenic transfusion reaction

Answer: (C) A hemolytic transfusion reaction
This results from a recipient’s antibodies that are incompatible with transfused RBC’s; also called type II hypersensitivity; these signs result from RBC hemolysis, agglutination, and capillary plugging that can damage renal function, thus the flank pain and hematuria and the other manifestations.
137. A client jokes about his leukemia even though he is becoming sicker and weaker. The nurse’s most therapeutic response would be:

A. “Your laugher is a cover for your fear.”
B. “He who laughs on the outside, cries on the inside.”
C. “Why are you always laughing?”
D. “Does it help you to joke about your illness?”

Answer: (D) “Does it help you to joke about your illness?”
This non-judgmentally on the part of the nurse points out the client’s behavior.
138. In dealing with a dying client who is in the denial stage of grief, the best nursing approach is to:

A. Agree with and encourage the client’s denial
B. Reassure the client that everything will be okay
C. Allow the denial but be available to discuss death
D. Leave the client alone to discuss the loss

Answer: (C) Allow the denial but be available to discuss death
This does not take away the client’s only way of coping, and it permits future movement through the grieving process when the client is ready. Dying clients move through the different stages of grieving and the nurse must be ready to intervene in all these stages.
139. During and 8 hour shift, Mario drinks two 6 oz. cups of tea and vomits 125 ml of fluid. During this 8 hour period, his fluid balance would be:

A. +55 ml
B. +137 ml
C. +235 ml
D. +485 ml

Answer: (C) +235 ml
The client’s intake was 360 ml (6oz x 30 ml) and loss was 125 ml of fluid; loss is subtracted from intake
140. Mr. Ong is admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of Left-sided CHF. In the assessment, the nurse should expect to find:

A. Crushing chest pain
B. Dyspnea on exertion
C. Extensive peripheral edema
D. Jugular vein distention

Answer: (B) Dyspnea on exertion
Pulmonary congestion and edema occur because of fluid extravasation from the pulmonary capillary bed, resulting in difficult breathing. Left-sided heart failure creates a backward effect on the pulmonary system that leads to pulmonary congestion.

141. The physician orders on a client with CHF a cardiac glycoside, a vasodilator, and furosemide (Lasix). The nurse understands Lasix exerts is effects in the:

A. Distal tubule
B. Collecting duct
C. Glomerulus of the nephron
D. Ascending limb of the loop of Henle

Answer: (D) Ascending limb of the loop of Henle
This is the site of action of Lasix being a potent loop diuretic.
142. Mr. Ong weighs 210 lbs on admission to the hospital. After 2 days of diuretic therapy he weighs 205.5 lbs. The nurse could estimate that the amount of fluid he has lost is:

A. 0.5 L
B. 1.0 L
C. 2.0 L
D. 3.5 L

Answer: (C) 2.0 L
One liter of fluid weighs approximately 2.2 lbs. Therefore a 4.5 lbs weight loss equals approximately 2 Liters.
143. Mr. Ong, a client with CHF, has been receiving a cardiac glycoside, a diuretic, and a vasodilator drug. His apical pulse rate is 44 and he is on bed rest. The nurse concludes that his pulse rate is most likely the result of the:

A. Diuretic
B. Vasodilator
C. Bed-rest regimen
D. Cardiac glycoside

Answer: (D) Cardiac glycoside
A cardiac glycoside such as digitalis increases force of cardiac contraction, decreases the conduction speed of impulses within the myocardium and slows the heart rate.
144. The diet ordered for a client with CHF permits him to have a 190 g of carbohydrates, 90 g of fat and 100 g of protein. The nurse understands that this diet contains approximately:

A. 2200 calories
B. 2000 calories
C. 2800 calories
D. 1600 calories

Answer: (B) 2000 calories
There are 9 calories in each gram of fat and 4 calories in each gram of carbohydrate and protein
145. After the acute phase of congestive heart failure, the nurse should expect the dietary management of the client to include the restriction of:

A. Magnesium
B. Sodium
C. Potassium
D. Calcium

Answer: (B) Sodium
Restriction of sodium reduces the amount of water retention that reduces the cardiac workload

146. Jude develops GI bleeding and is admitted to the hospital. An important etiologic clue for the nurse to explore while taking his history would be:

A. The medications he has been taking
B. Any recent foreign travel
C. His usual dietary pattern
D. His working patterns

Answer: (A) The medications he has been taking
Some medications, such as aspirin and prednisone, irritate the stomach lining and may cause bleeding with prolonged use
147. The meal pattern that would probably be most appropriate for a client recovering from GI bleeding is:

A. Three large meals large enough to supply adequate energy.
B. Regular meals and snacks to limit gastric discomfort
C. Limited food and fluid intake when he has pain
D. A flexible plan according to his appetite

Answer: (B) Regular meals and snacks to limit gastric discomfort
Presence of food in the stomach at regular intervals interacts with HCl limiting acid mucosal irritation. Mucosal irritation can lead to bleeding.
148. A client with a history of recurrent GI bleeding is admitted to the hospital for a gastrectomy. Following surgery, the client has a nasogastric tube to low continuous suction. He begins to hyperventilate. The nurse should be aware that this pattern will alter his arterial blood gases by:

A. Increasing HCO3
B. Decreasing PCO2
C. Decreasing pH
D. Decreasing PO2

Answer: (B) Decreasing PCO2
Hyperventilation results in the increased elimination of carbon dioxide from the blood that can lead to respiratory alkalosis.
149. Routine postoperative IV fluids are designed to supply hydration and electrolyte and only limited energy. Because 1 L of a 5% dextrose solution contains 50 g of sugar, 3 L per day would apply approximately:

A. 400 Kilocalories
B. 600 Kilocalories
C. 800 Kilocalories
D. 1000 Kilocalories

Answer: (B) 600 Kilocalories
Carbohydrates provide 4 kcal/ gram; therefore 3L x 50 g/L x 4 kcal/g = 600 kcal; only about a third of the basal energy need.
150. Thrombus formation is a danger for all postoperative clients. The nurse should act independently to prevent this complication by:

A. Encouraging adequate fluids
B. Applying elastic stockings
C. Massaging gently the legs with lotion
D. Performing active-assistive leg exercises

Answer: (D) Performing active-assistive leg exercises
Inactivity causes venous stasis, hypercoagulability, and external pressure against the veins, all of which lead to thrombus formation. Early ambulation or exercise of the lower extremities reduces the occurrence of this phenomenon

151. An unconscious client is admitted to the ICU, IV fluids are started and a Foley catheter is inserted. With an indwelling catheter, urinary infection is a potential danger. The nurse can best plan to avoid this problem by:

A. Emptying the drainage bag frequently
B. Collecting a weekly urine specimen
C. Maintaining the ordered hydration
D. Assessing urine specific gravity

Answer: (C) Maintaining the ordered hydration
Promoting hydration, maintains urine production at a higher rate, which flushes the bladder and prevents urinary stasis and possible infection
152. The nurse performs full range of motion on a bedridden client’s extremities. When putting his ankle through range of motion, the nurse must perform:

A. Flexion, extension and left and right rotation
B. Abduction, flexion, adduction and extension
C. Pronation, supination, rotation, and extension
D. Dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, eversion and inversion

Answer: (D) Dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, eversion and inversion
These movements include all possible range of motion for the ankle joint
153. A client has been in a coma for 2 months. The nurse understands that to prevent the effects of shearing force on the skin, the head of the bed should be at an angle of:

A. 30 degrees
B. 45 degrees
C. 60 degrees
D. 90 degrees

Answer: (A) 30 degrees
Shearing force occurs when 2 surfaces move against each other; when the bed is at an angle greater than 30 degrees, the torso tends to slide and causes this phenomenon. Shearing forces are good contributory factors of pressure sores.
154. Rene, age 62, is scheduled for a TURP after being diagnosed with a Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH). As part of the preoperative teaching, the nurse should tell the client that after surgery:

A. Urinary control may be permanently lost to some degree
B. Urinary drainage will be dependent on a urethral catheter for 24 hours
C. Frequency and burning on urination will last while the cystotomy tube is in place
D. His ability to perform sexually will be permanently impaired

Answer: (B) Urinary drainage will be dependent on a urethral catheter for 24 hours
An indwelling urethral catheter is used, because surgical trauma can cause urinary retention leading to further complications such as bleeding.

155. The transurethral resection of the prostate is performed on a client with BPH. Following surgery, nursing care should include:

A. Changing the abdominal dressing
B. Maintaining patency of the cystotomy tube
C. Maintaining patency of a three-way Foley catheter for cystoclysis
D. Observing for hemorrhage and wound infection

Answer: (C) Maintaining patency of a three-way Foley catheter for cystoclysis
Patency of the catheter promotes bladder decompression, which prevents distention and bleeding. Continuous flow of fluid through the bladder limits clot formation and promotes hemostasis

156. In the early postoperative period following a transurethral surgery, the most common complication the nurse should observe for is:

A. Sepsis
B. Hemorrhage
C. Leakage around the catheter
D. Urinary retention with overflow

Answer: (B) Hemorrhage
After transurethral surgery, hemorrhage is common because of venous oozing and bleeding from many small arteries in the prostatic bed.
157. Following prostate surgery, the retention catheter is secured to the client’s leg causing slight traction of the inflatable balloon against the prostatic fossa. This is done to:

A. Limit discomfort
B. Provide hemostasis
C. Reduce bladder spasms
D. Promote urinary drainage

Answer: (B) Provide hemostasis
The pressure of the balloon against the small blood vessels of the prostate creates a tampon-like effect that causes them to constrict thereby preventing bleeding.

158. Twenty-four hours after TURP surgery, the client tells the nurse he has lower abdominal discomfort. The nurse notes that the catheter drainage has stopped. The nurse’s initial action should be to:

A. Irrigate the catheter with saline
B. Milk the catheter tubing
C. Remove the catheter
D. Notify the physician

Answer: (B) Milk the catheter tubing
Milking the tubing will usually dislodge the plug and will not harm the client. A physician’s order is not necessary for a nurse to check catheter patency.
159. The nurse would know that a post-TURP client understood his discharge teaching when he says “I should:”

A. Get out of bed into a chair for several hours daily
B. Call the physician if my urinary stream decreases
C. Attempt to void every 3 hours when I’m awake
D. Avoid vigorous exercise for 6 months after surgery

Answer: (B) Call the physician if my urinary stream decreases
Urethral mucosa in the prostatic area is destroyed during surgery and strictures my form with healing that causes partial or even complete ueinary obstruction.
160. Lucy is admitted to the surgical unit for a subtotal thyroidectomy. She is diagnosed with Grave’s Disease. When assessing Lucy, the nurse would expect to find:

A. Lethargy, weight gain, and forgetfulness
B. Weight loss, protruding eyeballs, and lethargy
C. Weight loss, exopthalmos and restlessness
D. Constipation, dry skin, and weight gain

Answer: (C) Weight loss, exopthalmos and restlessness
Classic signs associated with hyperthyroidism are weight loss and restlessness because of increased basal metabolic rate. Exopthalmos is due to peribulbar edema.
161. Lucy undergoes Subtotal Thyroidectomy for Grave’s Disease. In planning for the client’s return from the OR, the nurse would consider that in a subtotal thyroidectomy:
A. The entire thyroid gland is removed
B. A small part of the gland is left intact
C. One parathyroid gland is also removed
D. A portion of the thyroid and four parathyroids are removed

Answer: (B) A small part of the gland is left intact
Remaining thyroid tissue may provide enough hormone for normal function. Total thyroidectomy is generally done in clients with Thyroid Ca.
162. Before a post- thyroidectomy client returns to her room from the OR, the nurse plans to set up emergency equipment, which should include:

A. A crash cart with bed board
B. A tracheostomy set and oxygen
C. An airway and rebreathing mask
D. Two ampules of sodium bicarbonate

Answer: (B) A tracheostomy set and oxygen
Acute respiratory obstruction in the post-operative period can result from edema, subcutaneous bleeding that presses on the trachea, nerve damage, or tetany.
163. When a post-thyroidectomy client returns from surgery the nurse assesses her for unilateral injury of the laryngeal nerve every 30 to 60 minutes by:

A. Observing for signs of tetany
B. Checking her throat for swelling
C. Asking her to state her name out loud
D. Palpating the side of her neck for blood seepage

Answer: (C) Asking her to state her name out loud
If the recurrent laryngeal nerve is damaged during surgery, the client will be hoarse and have difficult speaking.

164. On a post-thyroidectomy client’s discharge, the nurse teaches her to observe for signs of surgically induced hypothyroidism. The nurse would know that the client understands the teaching when she states she should notify the physician if she develops:

A. Intolerance to heat
B. Dry skin and fatigue
C. Progressive weight loss
D. Insomnia and excitability

Answer: (B) Dry skin and fatigue
Dry skin is most likely caused by decreased glandular function and fatigue caused by decreased metabolic rate. Body functions and metabolism are decreased in hypothyroidism.
165. A client’s exopthalmos continues inspite of thyroidectomy for Grave’s Disease. The nurse teaches her how to reduce discomfort and prevent corneal ulceration. The nurse recognizes that the client understands the teaching when she says: “I should:

A. Elevate the head of my bed at night
B. Avoid moving my extra-ocular muscles
C. Avoid using a sleeping mask at night
D. Avoid excessive blinking

Answer: (C) Avoid using a sleeping mask at night
The mask may irritate or scratch the eye if the client turns and lies on it during the night.
166. Clara is a 37-year old cook. She is admitted for treatment of partial and full-thickness burns of her entire right lower extremity and the anterior portion of her right upper extremity. Her respiratory status is compromised, and she is in pain and anxious.

Performing an immediate appraisal, using the rule of nines, the nurse estimates the percent of Clara’s body surface that is burned is:

A. 4.5%
B. 9%
C. 18 %
D. 22.5%

Answer: (D) 22.5%
The entire right lower extremity is 18% the anterior portion of the right upper extremity is 4.5% giving a total of 22.5%
167. The nurse applies mafenide acetate (Sulfamylon cream) to Clara, who has second and third degree burns on the right upper and lower extremities, as ordered by the physician. This medication will:

A. Inhibit bacterial growth
B. Relieve pain from the burn
C. Prevent scar tissue formation
D. Provide chemical debridement

Answer: (A) Inhibit bacterial growth
Sulfamylon is effective against a wide variety of gram positive and gram negative organisms including anaerobes
168. Forty-eight hours after a burn injury, the physician orders for the client 2 liters of IV fluid to be administered q12 h. The drop factor of the tubing is 10 gtt/ml. The nurse should set the flow to provide:

A. 18 gtt/min
B. 28 gtt/min
C. 32 gtt/min
D. 36 gtt/min

Answer: (B) 28 gtt/min
This is the correct flow rate; multiply the amount to be infused (2000 ml) by the drop factor (10) and divide the result by the amount of time in minutes (12 hours x 60 minutes)
169. Clara, a burn client, receives a temporary heterograft (pig skin) on some of her burns. These grafts will:
A. Debride necrotic epithelium
B. Be sutured in place for better adherence
C. Relieve pain and promote rapid epithelialization
D. Frequently be used concurrently with topical antimicrobials.

Answer: (C) Relieve pain and promote rapid epithelialization
The graft covers nerve endings, which reduces pain and provides a framework for granulation that promotes effective healing.
170. A client with burns on the chest has periodic episodes of dyspnea. The position that would provide for the greatest respiratory capacity would be the:

A. Semi-fowler’s position
B. Sims’ position
C. Orthopneic position
D. Supine position

Answer: (C) Orthopneic position
The orthopneic position lowers the diaphragm and provides for maximal thoracic expansion
171. Jane, a 20- year old college student is admiited to the hospital with a tentative diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. She is scheduled to have a series of diagnostic studies for myasthenia gravis, including a Tensilon test. In preparing her for this procedure, the nurse explains that her response to the medication will confirm the diagnosis if Tensilon produces:

A. Brief exaggeration of symptoms
B. Prolonged symptomatic improvement
C. Rapid but brief symptomatic improvement
D. Symptomatic improvement of just the ptosis

Answer: (C) Rapid but brief symptomatic improvement
Tensilon acts systemically to increase muscle strength; with a peak effect in 30 seconds, It lasts several minutes.
172. The initial nursing goal for a client with myasthenia gravis during the diagnostic phase of her hospitalization would be to:

A. Develop a teaching plan
B. Facilitate psychologic adjustment
C. Maintain the present muscle strength
D. Prepare for the appearance of myasthenic crisis

Answer: (C) Maintain the present muscle strength
Until diagnosis is confirmed, primary goal should be to maintain adequate activity and prevent muscle atrophy
173. The most significant initial nursing observations that need to be made about a client with myasthenia include:
A. Ability to chew and speak distinctly
B. Degree of anxiety about her diagnosis
C. Ability to smile an to close her eyelids
D. Respiratory exchange and ability to swallow

Answer: (D) Respiratory exchange and ability to swallow
Muscle weakness can lead to respiratory failure that will require emergency intervention and inability to swallow may lead to aspiration
174. Helen is diagnosed with myasthenia gravis and pyridostigmine bromide (Mestinon) therapy is started. The Mestinon dosage is frequently changed during the first week. While the dosage is being adjusted, the nurse’s priority intervention is to:

A. Administer the medication exactly on time
B. Administer the medication with food or mild
C. Evaluate the client’s muscle strength hourly after medication
D. Evaluate the client’s emotional side effects between doses

Answer: (C) Evaluate the client’s muscle strength hourly after medication
Peak response occurs 1 hour after administration and lasts up to 8 hours; the response will influence dosage levels.
175. Helen, a client with myasthenia gravis, begins to experience increased difficulty in swallowing. To prevent aspiration of food, the nursing action that would be most effective would be to:

A. Change her diet order from soft foods to clear liquids
B. Place an emergency tracheostomy set in her room
C. Assess her respiratory status before and after meals
D. Coordinate her meal schedule with the peak effect of her medication, Mestinon

Answer: (D) Coordinate her meal schedule with the peak effect of her medication, Mestinon
Dysphagia should be minimized during peak effect of Mestinon, thereby decreasing the probability of aspiration. Mestinon can increase her muscle strength including her ability to swallow.

2010-01-19T23:42:00.001-08:00

Nursing Board Exam Drills in Medical and Surg… » Free Online Quizzes

2009-07-26T08:44:00.000-07:00

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D2mgT6l26C8

2009-05-10T23:25:00.001-07:00

Pathophysiology CAT 1 » Quiz Question Maker

LIVER AND PORTAL HYPERTENSION

2009-04-27T22:18:00.000-07:00

Liver and Portal Hypertension
Afroz Lakhani, RN,BScN
Pathophysiology 2009

Liver
The liver is the largest organ in the body, normally weighing about 1 to 2.3kg (although this can increase to over 10kg in chronic cirrhosis). The liver is the main organ of metabolism and energy production; its other main functions include:
Bile production
Storage of iron, vitamins and trace elements
Detoxification
Conversion of waste products for excretion by the kidneys

Functions of Liver
Carbohydrate metabolism: Maintains plasma glucose levels. Post-meal when glucose levels rise, glucose with the influence of insulin is converted to glycogen for storage.
When glucose levels falls, the hormone glucagon stimulates glycogen into glucose again. That’s how our glucose levels stays in normal range.
Fat metabolism: Excess dietary carbs or protein will store as fat. (under the skin, around kidneys)
Digested fat convert triglycerides for energy and storage.

Protein metabolism:
Deamination of amino acids: a)Nitrogenous portion is removed to form into urea, excreted into urine.
b) nucleic acids breaks down to uric acidsurine.
Transamination: removal of nitrogenous portion of amino acids and attaches to carb moleculenon-essential amino acids.
Synthesis of plasma proteins and most blood clotting factors from amino acids.

Portal Circulation

The liver is unusual has a double blood supply; the right and left hepatic arteries carry oxygenated blood to the liver, and the portal vein carries venous blood from the GI tract to the liver.
Portal vein enters the liver, the blood drains into the hepatic sinusoids, where it is screened by specialized macrophages (Kupffer cells) to remove any pathogens that manage to get past the GI defenses. The plasma is filtered through the endothelial lining of the sinusoids and bathes the hepatocytes; these cells contain vast numbers of enzymes capable of breaking down and metabolizing most of what has been absorbed.
The portal venous blood contains allof the products of digestion absorbed from the GI tract, so all useful and non-useful products are processed in the liver before being either released back into the hepatic veins which join the inferior vena cava just inferior to the diaphragm, or stored in the liver for later use.

Liver Cirrhosis

Scarring of the Liver
Cx: alcoholism, viral hepatitis, toxic reaction to drugs, biliary obstruction
S/S: wt loss, anorexia, weakness, hepatomegaly, jaundice, abdominal pain (stretching of Glisson’s cap)

Pathophysiology Liver Cirrhosis

Portal Hypertension
Obstructed blood flow through the damaged liver results in increased blood pressure (portal hypertension) throughout the portal venous system.
Pressure normally 3mm Hg;
portal HTN at least 10 mmHg
Cx: thrombosis, inflammation, fibrosis of sinusoids, viral hepatitis, cardiac disorders, most common is cirrhosis of liver.
Long term PHTN can lead to Ascites, Varices, Splenomegaly, Hepatic encephalopathy.

Ascites

Pathophysiology

PHTN and decreased serum albumin capillary hydrostatic pressure to exceed capillary osmotic pressure and causes fluid into peritoneal cavity.
The failure of the liver to metabolize aldosterone increases sodium and water retention by the kidney.
Loss of fluid into the peritoneal space causes further sodium and water retention by the kidney in an effort to maintain the vascular fluid volume.
Treatment
No salt diet
Diuretics: Spironolactone (Aldactone), an aldosterone blocking agent.
Ammonium chloride and acetazolamide are contraindicated because of the possibility of precipitating hepatic coma.
Bed rest
Paracentesis
Insertion of a peritoneovenous shunt to redirect ascitic fluid from the peritoneal cavity into the systemic circulation.

Caput medusae is the appearance of distended and engorged paraumbilical veins which are seen radiating from the umbilicus across the abdomen to join systemic veins
Esophageal Varices
Are extremely dilated sub-mucosal veins in the esophagus.
Bleeding or hemorrhage from esophageal varices occurs in approximately one third of patients with cirrhosis and varices.
The mortality rate resulting from the first bleeding episode is 45% to 50%;
It is one of the major causes of death in patients with cirrhosis
Pathophysiology EV
Increased obstruction of the portal vein causes venous blood from the intestinal tract and spleen seeks an outlet through collateral circulation (new pathways of return to the right atrium).
The effect is increased pressure, particularly in the vessels in the of the lower esophagus and upper part of the stomach.
These collateral vessels are not very elastic but rather are tortuous and fragile and bleed easily.
Treatment:
Prevent hemorrhage
Straight to ICU
potential hypovolemia
Oxygen
Intravenous fluids with electrolyte
Blood transfusion
Strict I/O
vasopressin, vasopressin with nitroglycerin, somatostatin, balloon tamponade, TPSS (transhepatic portosystemic shunt), transhepatic catheter embolization, shunt surgery, gastric stapling and sclerotherapy

Splenomegaly
an enlargement of the spleen.
Caused by increased pressure in the splenic vein, which branches from the portal vein.

Hepatic Encephalopathy
CNS totality
Lack of mental alertness, confusion, coma, convulsions.
Flapping tremor called asterixis (liver flap)
Memory loss

Pathophysiology HEn

Ammonium ion produced in the intestinal tract, abundance in colon by bacterial degradation of luminal proteins and amino acids.
Normally: Ammonium ion diffuse into portal blood, transported to the liver, where they converted to urea.
When the blood from intestines bypass the liver, ammonia is not converted to urea, and ammonia moves directly into general circulation then to cerebral circulation thus hepatic encephalopathy occurs.
Treatment
No big protein diet
Prevent GI bleeding
No narcotics or tranquilizers
Nonabsorbable antibiotic like neomycin (to eradicate bacteria from the colon)
Lactulose (acts in Large intestine, low ph)

References:
Carpenito, J.L. (2002). Nursing diagnosis: Application to clinical practice (9th edition) Philadelphia: Lippincott.
Huether & McCane. (2000). Understanding Pathophysiology (2nd edition) Mosby
Illustrated manual of Nursing Practice (2002). 3rd edition. Springhouse
Kozier & Erb. (2008). Fundamentals of Nursing (8th edition) New Jersy: Pearson.
Porth.(2005). Pathophysiology (7th edition) Lippincott
Ross and Wilson. (2006). Anatomy and physiology (10th edition) Churchill Livingstone

2009-02-10T06:18:00.000-08:00

Management of conditions affecting GI and accessory organs of digestion

Afroz Lakhani, RN,BScN

Quick Review of GI A&P
 "alimentary canal"
 all organs through which food passes (mouth to anus)
 Accessory Structures
1. assist in digestion
2. includes teeth, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas

 Layers of GI Tract
 Esophagus
 Passage about 10 inches long, lined with a mucous membrane.
 Function is to complete the act of swallowing.
 The involuntary movement of material down the esophagus is carried out by the process known as peristalsis, which is the wavelike action produced by contraction of the muscular wall. This is the method by which food is moved throughout the alimentary canal.

 Stomach
• four major secretory cells:
• chief cells: pepsinogen activation by low pH to form pepsin , is a protease for protein digestion
• parietal cells : HCl secretion enhanced by histamine via H2 receptors
Tagamet blocks H2 histamine receptors to inhibit HCl secretion
intrinsic factor binds to and allows B12 absorption in intestines
• G-cell : secretes gastrin hormone
activates gastric juice secretion & gastric smooth muscle “churning” , activates gastroileal reflex which moves chyme from ileum to colon
• mucus cell :protective role of mucus against acids and digestive enzymes
• pyloric sphincter regulates entry into the duodenum
• chyme is liquified digested material

 Small Intestine
• 22 ft long
• divided into three continuous parts: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
• Most of the absorption of food takes place in the small intestine, villi
• receives digestive juices from three accessory organs of digestion: the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder

 Large intestine
• 5 ft long
• Cecum, appendix , ascending, transverse, descending colon , sigmoid colon, rectum
• The main function is the recovery of water and electrolytes from the mass of undigested food it receives from the small intestine. As this mass passes through the colon, water is absorbed and returned to the tissues. Waste materials, or feces, become more solid as they are pushed along by peristaltic movements.
• Constipation is caused by delay in movement of intestinal contents and removal of too much water from them.
• Diarrhea results when movement of the intestinal contents is so rapid that not enough water is removed

 Diagnostic Procedures

• Upper GI studies (barium swallow)
 Examination of the upper GI tract under fluoroscopy after patient drinks barium sulfate.
 Pre : NPO midnight
 Post: Instruct for increased oral fluids to help pass the barium.
 Monitor stools for passage of barium. Stools should appear chalky white in color.

Lower GI tract study (barium enema)
 Fluoroscopic and radiographic examination of large intestine after rectal instillation of barium sulfate
 Pre: low residue diet 1 or 2 days prior,
clear liquid and laxative evening before,
NPO midnight, cleansing enema morning of test.
 Post: Increase oral fluids to pass barium, mild laxative, monitor stools, report absence of bowel movement more than 2 days.

Gastric analysis:
 Aspirate gastric contents thru NG tube for the analysis of acidity, appearance, volume.
4 Upper GI fiberoscopy: ( EGD)
5 Anoscopy, proctoscopy, and sigmoidoscopy:
6 Fiberoptic colonoscopy:
7 Cholecystography: to detect gall stones, and assess ability to fill, concentrate , contract and empty.
 Pre: no allergies to iodine or seafood, NPO, anaphylactic shock symptoms.
 Post: dysuria is common cause contrast agent excreted in urine, fatty meal to pass contrast agent.

8 Paracentesis: Transabdominal removal of fluid from the peritoneal cavity.
 Pre: Consent, void prior procedure, measure ab girth, wt, upright or fowler’s position.
 Post: v/s, dry sterile dressing and monitor bleeding, ab girth, look for hematuria, hypovolemia.

9 Liver biopsy:
 Pre:consent, must ck prothombin time, partial thromboplastin time, platelet.
 Post: site bleeding, peritonitis, bedrest, place patient on the rt side with a pillow under the coastal margin to decrease the risk of hemorrhage, avoid coughing, straining, no heavy weights for one week.

 Assessment
 Dietary History:
 The number of meals ate per day.
 Meal times.
 Food restrictions or special diets followed.
 Changes in appetite. Increased? Decreased? No appetite?
 What foods, if any, have been eliminated from the diet? Why? What foods are not well tolerated?
 Alterations in taste.
 Medications used. Dosage and frequency.
 Assessment contd…
 Bowel pattern history: Frequency of bowel movements. Use of laxatives and/or enemas. Changes in bowel habits. Stool Description (color, consistency, any blood)
 any complaints??
Nausea. Frequency? Duration? Associated with meals? Relieved by?
 Vomiting. Frequency? Character of emesis? Relieved by?
 Heartburn/indigestion. Frequency? Duration? Associated with specific foods? Relieved by?
 Gas (belching and flatus). Frequency? Associated with specific foods? Relieved by?
 Pain. Location? Frequency? Duration? Character of the pain?
 Weight loss. How much? In what time period?
 Assessment
 Inspect skin for color, abnormalities, contour, abdomen for distention.
 Auscultate bowel sounds, normal 5-30/min or every 5-15 secs in all quadrants.
 Listen at least 5 minutes in each quadrant to be certain for any absence.

 Stool test
 Stool samples can be examined on the ward and in the laboratory to determine the presence of substances that aid in diagnosis. For example:
 color, consistency, and amount of stool. The presence of unseen blood (occult)
 In the laboratory, tests can be performed to determine the presence of fat, urobilinogen, ova, parasites, bacteria, and other substances.
 Small, dry, hard stools may indicate constipation or fecal impaction.
 Diarrhea may indicate fecal impaction or fecal mass, or it may be the result of a disease process (such as colitis or diverticulitis) or a bacterial infection (such as dysentery)..
 Black, tarry stools may be the result of upper GI bleeding, iron supplements, or diet selection (eating black licorice, for example).
 Reddish colored stools may be the result of bleeding in the lower GI tract or diet selection (eating carrots or beets).
 Gastroesophageal Reflux (GER)
 Back flow of gastric and duodenal contents into the esophagus.
 Cx: incompetent lower esophageal sphincter, pyloric stenosis or motility disorder. May mimic heart attack.
 Pathophysiology Gastritis
 In gastritis, the gastric mucous membrane becomes edematous
 and hyperemic (congested with fluid and blood) and undergoes
 superficial erosion . It secretes a scanty amount of gastric juice, containing very little acid but much mucus. Superficial ulceration may occur and can lead to hemorrhage.
 Gastritis
 Stomach or gastric mucosa inflammation.
 Acute: Contaminated food, irritating (spicy), over use of aspirin, excess alcohol
 Abdominal discomfort, headache, anorexia, n/v, hicupping
 Chronic: benign or malignant ulcers or H pylori, medications, caused by autoimmune diseases, smoking or reflux.
 Anorexia, heartburn, belching, vit B12 def, sour taste
 PUD
 An ulceration in the mucosal wall of the stomach, pylorus, duodenum or esophagus.
 Gastric and duodenal are common
 Predisposing factors: Stress, smoking, use of steroids, NSAIDs, alcohol, gastritis, family hx, infection with H-pylori.
 Complication: hemorrhage, perforation, pyloric obstruction.
 Assessment: Gnawing, sharp pain LT of midepigastric 1 0r 2 hrs after eating.
 Implementation: v/s, signs of bleeding, Meds

Pathophysiology Irritable Bowel Syndrome IBS results from a functional disorder of intestinal motility.
 The change in motility may be related to the neurologic regulatory system, infection or irritation, or a vascular or metabolic disturbance.
 The peristaltic waves are affected at specific segments of the intestine and in the intensity with which they propel the fecal matter forward. There is no evidence of inflammation or tissue changes in the intestinal mucosa.
 IBS contd…
S/S:
 constipation, diarrhea, or a combination of both. Pain, bloating, and abdominal distention often accompany
 The abdominal pain is sometimes precipitated by eating and is frequently relieved by defecation.
 Mngt: aimed at relieving abdominal pain, controlling the diarrhea or constipation, and reducing stress.
 Restriction and then gradual reintroduction of foods that are possibly
 irritating may help determine what types of food are acting as irritants
 (eg, beans, caffeinated products, fried foods, alcohol, spicy
 foods).
 A healthy, high-fiber diet to help control the diarrhea and constipation.
 Exercise to reducing anxiety and increasing intestinal motility.

 APPENDICITIS Pathophysiology
 The appendix becomes inflamed and edematous as a result of either becoming kinked or occluded by a fecalith (ie, hardened mass of stool), tumor, or foreign body.
 The inflammatory process increases intraluminal pressure, initiating a progressively severe, generalized or upper abdominal pain that becomes localized in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen within a few hours.
 Eventually, the inflamed appendix fills with pus.
 Appendectomy (ie, surgical removal of the appendix) is performed as soon as possible to decrease the risk of perforation.

 Nursing Management:
 Goals : relieving pain, preventing fluid volume deficit, reducing anxiety, eliminating infection , disruption of the GI tract, maintaining skin integrity, and attaining optimal nutrition.
 The nurse prepares the patient for surgery, which includes an
 intravenous infusion to replace fluid loss and antibiotic therapy to prevent infection.
 An enema is not administered because it can lead to perforation.
 After surgery, the nurse places the patient in a semi-Fowler
 position. This position reduces the tension on the incision and abdominal organs, helping to reduce pain.
 An opioid, morphine sulfate, is prescribed to relieve pain.
 When tolerated oral fluids are administered.
 Any patient who was dehydrated before surgery receives intravenous fluids.
 Food is provided as desired and tolerated on the day of surgery.

COLOSTOMY:
 A colostomy is a surgically created, artificial opening (stoma) into the colon through the abdomen. It may be temporary or permanent.
 A temporary colostomy is normally made for diversion of fecal material. Fecal diversion is utilized in order to rest a portion of the colon following intestinal surgery, in preparation for further surgery, or in cases of severe inflammatory disease (such as diverticulitis).
 A permanent colostomy serves as an artificial anus for the remainder of the patient's life. This procedure is done in conjunction with the removal of the lower bowel and rectum. Although there is no sphincter muscle control at the stoma, bowel movements may be controlled by a daily routine that encompasses diet, physical activity, and colostomy irrigation. Consistency of the bowel movements generally depends upon the location of the colostomy, but can be manipulated by the patient's choice of diet.

Colostomy Irrigation
Irrigation should be done at the same time each day in order to establish regularity of bowel evacuation. Unless contraindicated or otherwise ordered by the physician, it is best to establish a routine of daily irrigation in accordance with the patient's former bowel habits. For example, if the patient has always moved his bowels after breakfast, establish the irrigation routine for that time, rather than some other arbitrary schedule.

Ileostomy:
An ileostomy is a surgically created, artificial opening (stoma) into the small bowel (ileus) through the abdomen. The stoma is located low on the abdomen (lower quadrants.) Most ileostomies are performed because of inflammatory bowel disease.
 An ileostomy may be temporary or permanent. If temporary, the bowel is left intact. In a permanent ileostomy, the colon is removed.
 Unlike a colostomy, an ileostomy cannot be regulated. The fecal contents of the ileum are fluid, and drain continuously. For this reason, an ileostomy patient must always wear an appliance.

Dietary considerations (ileostomy)
 Most physicians do not recommend dietary restrictions once the patient has recovered from surgery and is released from the hospital. However, foods that cause discomfort, gas, or diarrhea should be omitted.
 Hard to digest foods should be avoided if they cause discomfort. Examples are celery, popcorn, berries, and high-fiber foods.
 Odor-causing foods include cabbage, onions, fish, and eggs. These foods should be tested individually to determine if they can be tolerated.
 Spinach, parsley, yogurt, and buttermilk act as deodorizers on the intestinal tract.
 All foods ingested will normally pass through the ileostomy within 4-6 hours.

SLEEP REST PATTERN

2008-09-24T10:31:00.002-07:00

SLEEP REST PATTERN
Afroz Lakhani, R.N., BScN

 What is sleep?
 SOMNOLOGY: Study of sleep
 Basic human need
 We spend about 8 hours/day, 56 hours/week, 224 hours/month and 2,688 hours/year sleeping (1/3 of our lives)
 We need sleep
 To cope with daily stress
 To prevent fatigue
 To conserve energy
 To restore mind and body
 Healing of damaged tissue is greatest during sleep

Physiology of sleep

 Altered state of consciousness. (perception and reaction to the environment is decreased)
 Minimal physical activity
 Changes in physiologic processes
 Decreased responsiveness to (some) external stimuli
 The cyclic nature of sleep is controlled by neurons located within the reticular formation.

Reticular Formation

 A diffuse network of nerve fibers and cells in parts of the brainstem, important in regulating consciousness or wakefulness.
 Stimulation induces arousal
 Destruction induces sleep
 Neurotransmitters located within neurons affect sleep-wake cycles.
 Acetylcholine (Ach antagonist and Ach agonist)
 Serotonin (lessen to sensory response)
 Histamine (keeps us awake)

Sleep is sensitive to darkness

 Decreases stimulation of RF
 Pineal gland secretes melatonin, and the person feels less alert,
 GH released, cortisol inhibited
 Beginning of daylight, melatonin is at its lowest level and stimulating cortisol at its highest, also Ach , dopamine and nonadrenaline.

 Types of Sleep
 Two types
 NREM
 REM

NREM: 75% to 80% of sleep during a night
Divided into 4 stages
 Stage 1: very light sleep, few mins, drowsy, relaxed, can easily awakened
 Stage 2: light sleep, 44% to 55%, 10 to 15 mins, requires stimuli to be awake
 Stage 3 & 4: deepest, difficult to arouse, not disturbed by sensory stimuli, reflex diminished, snoring.

REM: (paradoxical sleep)
occurs every 90 mins, lasts 5 to 30 mins, dreams, Brain highly active, Ach, dopamine at highest, eye movements, voluntary muscle tone decreased, sleeper difficult to arouse or wakes up spontaneously.
 Initially lasts 5-10 minutes, gradually lengthens until final REM period lasts 50minutes.
 Very important stage of sleep.

Sleep Cycles

 NREM and REM
 Lasting about 90 to 110 mins in adults
 In first sleep cycle: passes thru all 3 NREM stages in 20 to 30 mins,
 then stage 4 NREM for about 30 mins
 Sleep passes back through stage 3 and 2 for 20 mins
 Thereafter, the first REM occurs, lasting 10 mins
 This completes first sleep cycle.
 Healthy adult experiences 4 to 6 cycles in 7 to 8 hrs

Functions of sleep

 Restores normal levels of activity and balance among parts of nervous system
 Important of protein synthesis (repair )
 important psychological well-being ( emotionally irritable, poor concentration, difficulty making decisions)

Normal Sleep Patterns

 NEWBORNS: 16 to 18 hrs/day, enters REM immediately, sleep cycle about 50 mins, tuck in when sleepy.
 INFANTS: 14 to 15 hrs, awakens 3 to 4 hrs, eat and back to sleep. By 6 months sleeps entire night, nap patterns. Put them to bed when drowsy.
 TODDLERS: 12 to 14 hrs, afternoon nap, resistance going to bed and awakens during night. Nightmares common.
 SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN: (5-12 yrs) needs 10 to 11 hrs, but they sleep less, avoid caffeinated drinks and late TV, have bedtime routine.
 ADOLESCENTS: (12-18 yrs), needs 9 to 10 hrs, few sleeps that long and sleepy at school results in lower grades, negative moods.
 ADULTS: needs 7 to 9 hrs but some can function well with 6 hrs as well.
 ELDERS: earlier bedtime and wake times, disturbed sleep impacts quality of life, mood and alertness.

Factors Affecting Sleep

 Sleep quality: subjective, person wakes up energetic or not.
 Sleep quantity: total time of sleep

 ILLNESS: pain, physical distress (arthritis, SOB, ulcers, low estrogen__hot flashes, elevated body temperature, urge to urinate)
 ENVIRONMENT: noise, unfamiliar, hospital, temperature, lack of ventilation, lights, snoring partner.
 LIFESTYLE: irregular am and pm schedule, late exercise, inability to relax before bedtime.
 EMOTIONAL STRESS: #1 cx of sleep disturbance, Anxiety increases norepinephrine.
 STIMULANTS AND ALCOHOL: coffee, caffeine stimulates CNS, excessive alcohol disrupts REM but hasten the onset.
 DIET: weight gain cx broken sleep and early awakening, weight loss in total sleep time and less broken sleep. Warm milk can help.
 SMOKING: Nicotine
 MOTIVATION: can increase alertness.
 MEDICATIONS: Hypnotics interfere deep sleep and suppress REM sleep. Beta blockers cx insomia, Narcotics suppress REM cx drowsiness, awakenings.

Common Sleep Disorders

 INSOMNIA: inability to fall asleep or remain sleep,
stimulus control, Cognitive therapy (positive sleep thoughts and beliefs), Sleep restriction, antihistamine.
 HYPERSOMNIA: sufficient sleep at night but still sleepy, cx CNS damage, metabolic disorder.
 NARCOLEPSY: sleep attacks or EDS, Ritalin
 SLEEP APNEA: frequent short breathing pauses during sleep. More than 5 episodes or longer than 10 seconds/hr is abnormal, loud snoring, frequent awakenings, morning headaches, EDS.

Nursing Management

History:
 Generally rested and ready for daily activities after sleep?
 Sleep onset problems
 Aids
 Dreams, nightmares
 Early awakening
 Rest_ relaxation period
 Nursing Diagnosis:
 Sleep Deprivation (prolong time without sleep)
 Sleep Pattern, Disturbance
 Insomnia (delayed onset of sleep)
Related to:
 Over stimulation prior to bedtime
 Pain
 Discomfort
 Anxiety
 Alcohol
 Fatigue r/t insufficient sleep
 Risk for impaired gas exchange r/t sleep apnea
 Activity intolerance r/t sleep deprivation or EDS

Goal:
 To maintain or develop sleep pattern that provides sufficient energy for daily activities.
 Improving quality and quantity of sleep.
 Keep the etiology in mind

Implementing: Largely non pharmacologic measures like health teachings about sleep habits, bedtime rituals, provision of restful environment, avoid heavy meals before bedtime.
 For hospitalized clients activities should be scheduled, less stimulus environment, support for anxious patients, safe use of sleep medications.

Evaluating:
 Goals and outcomes achieved?
 Observation about client’s sleep pattern
 How the client feels on awakening?
 Client’s level of alertness during the day
If desired outcomes not met then identify following:
 Etiologic factors were correct?
 Any change in medication therapy?
 Client’s compliance
 Were the measures effective?

References:

Carpenito, J.L. (2002). Nursing diagnosis: Application to clinical practice (9th edition) Philadelphia: Lippincott.
Kozier & Erb. (2008). Fundamentals of Nursing (8th edition) New Jersy: Pearson.
Ross and Wilson. (2006). Anatomy and physiology (10th edition) Churchill Livingstone

ASSESSMENT OF A NEWBORN

2008-09-19T06:20:00.001-07:00

Assessment of a Newborn
Nuruddin Lakhani, M.D., M.P.H.
Pediatrician

HISTORY
Important to review Mother’s chart
- Mother’s age
- Mother’ s gravida / para status
- Pregnancy complications
- Labor events
- Rupture of membranes (SROM, AROM, PROM, PPROM)
- Mother’s labs (blood group, HBsAg, HIV, VDRL, GC / Chlam)
- ? Fever, medications (antibiotics, narcotics etc)
- Mode of delivery

Important to review the events immediately after birth
- Resuscitation
- Any medications given
- APGARS

SCORE 0 1 2
Heart Rate Absent < 100 >100
Resp Effort Absent/irr Slow, Crying Good
Muscle Tone Limp Some flexion Active motion
Reflex irritability No response Grimace Cough or sneeze
Color Blue. Pale Acrocyanosis Pink

NEONATAL EXAMINATION

General
- Appearance, size, color, vitals, gestational age assessment and growth parameters

Systemic
- Head and Neck - CNS
- Respiratory - Skin
- Cardiovascular - Musculoskeletal
- Abdominal - Primitive Reflexes
- Genitourinary

Size
- PAGA, PSGA, PLGA
- TAGA, TSGA, TLGA
- PTAGA, PTSGA, PTLGA
Gestational Age Assessment
- Ballard Score based on neuromuscular and physical maturity
- Ballard chart for the gestational assessment is used

HEAD
- Birth trauma (caput succedaneum, cephalhematoma)
- Size (microcephaly, macrocephaly)
- Fontanelles
EYES
- Red reflex
- Neonatal conjunctivitis

MOUTH / OROPHARYNX
- Cleft lip / palate
NOSE
- Obstructions
EARS
- Position
NECK
- Masses

RESP
- Rate, distress
- Apnea, cyanosis (? Causes)
- Auscultation
CVS
- Distress, apnea, cyanosis (? Causes)
- Palpation (apical impulse, thrills)
- Auscultation (murmurs)

ABDOMEN
- Abdominal wall defects, umbilical cord, shape
- Palpation
- Auscultation
- Check anal area for patency
GU
- Males – check for testes in scrotum or in the canal
- Females – check for ambiguous genitalia

MUSCULOSKELETAL
- Brachial plexus injury
- Range of motion
- Barlow’s and Ortolani test for hip dysplasia
- Check spine
CNS
- Movements and tone
- Primitive reflexes

SKIN
- Color (jaundice)
- Skin hair
- Texture
- Neonatal rashes
- Lower back hair or sacral dimple

NUTRITION AND METABOLIC PATTERN

2008-09-19T06:20:00.000-07:00

What is Nutrition?
The study of foods and nutrients and their effect on health, growth and development of the individual.
Nutrition is the good we get from all the food we eat and it helps our bodies work.
Nutrients are the substances found in the food that is essential requirement for body functioning.
Body needs adequate food intake with balanced essential nutrients.

Essential Nutrients
water
carbohydrates
proteins
lipids
vitamins and
minerals.

Carbohydrates
Preferred source of energy
Include simple and complex carbohydrates
Promote fat metabolism, spare protein and enhance lower GI function
Major good sources milk, grains, fruits and vegetables
Inadequate carbohydrates intake affects metabolism

Carbs metabolism
Carbohydrates breaks into glucose
Some glucose circulate in the blood to maintain blood level and source of energy.
Reminder stored
Insulin enhances transport of glucose into cells

Proteins
Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
Each protein molecule is made of amino acids
Essential: must supplied from diet and are necessary for tissue growth and maintenance.
Nonessential: body makes it and mix it with dietary protein to make new protein molecules

Classification of proteins
Complete proteins
Contains all essential and some non essential amino acids.
Found in animal, dairy, eggs

Incomplete proteins
Missing one or more essential amino acids.
Derived from vegetables
Balanced combination of food can provide essential amino acids e.g. maize and beans.
Protein metabolism

Three activities
Anabolism ( building)
Catabolism (breaking down)
Nitrogen balance (balance N intake = N output)

Lipids
Contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen but more hydrogen than carbohydrates
Greasy, insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol
Fats are lipids that are solid at rtp
Oils are lipids that are liquid at rtp
Structured with fatty acids described as saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. (saturated, unsaturated fat)
Meat, butter, milk, coconut are saturated fat
Fish, oil, cereal, legumes (maize oil), breast milk are unsaturated fat.
Enzyme lipase converts fat into usable energy

Micronutrients
Vitamin are not manufactured by the bodies and needed to catalyze metabolic processes.
Fat soluble vitamins ( A, D, E and K)
Water soluble vitamins ( C, B-complex)
Minerals ( calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, iron, iodine)

Energy Balance
Is the relationship between the energy derived from food and the energy used by the body.
Body obtains energy in the form of calories form carbohydrates, fat, protein and uses energy for daily voluntary and involuntary activities like walking, breathing.
Energy intake thru calorie value.
BMR by which body metabolizes food to maintain the energy requirements at awake and at rest.

Balanced Diet
Provides appropriate amounts of all nutrients in the correct proportions to meet body requirements which is achieved by eating variety of foods.
Any nutrient eaten in excess or deficient can affect health. (obesity, anemia)
Is important in maintaining a healthy body weight and can be assessed by body mass index (BMI)
Check out: wt kg divided ht squared (18.5---24.9)
Example: weight 60 kg ÷ height (1.52)² meters = 26 is the BMI.
http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/healthyweight/assessing/bmi/index.htm

Young children

(one serving )
Grain group 1 slice of bread, 1/2 cup of cooked rice or pasta, 1/2 cup of cooked cereal,
Vegetable group 1/2 cup of chopped or raw vegetables, or 1 cup of raw leafy vegetables.
Fruit group 1 piece of fruit or melon wedge, 3/4 cup of 100% fruit juice, 1/2 cup of canned fruit, or 1/4 cup of dried fruit.
Milk group 1 cup of milk or yogurt or 2 ounces of cheese.
Meat group 2 to 3 ounces of cooked lean meat, poultry or fish, 1/2 cup of cooked dry beans, substitute 2 tablespoons of peanut butter or 1 egg for 1 ounce of meat.

Elder’s:

NUTRITION AND METABOLIC PATTERN

Tuft's University adjusted the food pyramid for those over age 70 to include:
8 glasses of water a day and plenty of fiber to help manage constipation.
Calcium, vitamin D, and B12 supplements.

Fancy pyramid food possible in Africa?

Factors affecting nutrition
Accessibility
Affordability
Food safety
Traditions
Lifestyle
Medications and therapy
Health
Alcohol consumption
Psychologic factors

Assessment
ABCD
Anthropometric Data: Ht, wt, waist circumference, BMI

Biochemical Data: Hemoglobin, serum albumin

Clinical: Skin, Hair and nails, mucus membrane

Dietary Data: 24-hour food recall, food diary

Nursing Diagnosis
Imbalanced nutrition: Less than body requirements/intake of nutrients insufficient to meet metabolic needs

Imbalanced nutrition: More than body requirements related to excess intake and decreased activity expenditure

Low self-esteem related to obesity

Risk for infection related to immunosuppresion secondary to insufficient protein intake.

Therapeutic Diets
Clear liquid diet
Full liquid diet
Soft diet
Bland diet
Low residue/low fiber diet
High fiber diet
Fat controlled diet
High calorie diet
Sodium restriction diet
Protein restriction diet
High protein diet
Low calcium diet
High calcium diet
Low purine diet
High iron diet
Carbohydrate controlled diet

References
Carpenito, J.L. (2002). Nursing diagnosis: Application to clinical practice (9th edition) Philadelphia: Lippincott.
Kozier & Erb. (2008). Fundamentals of Nursing (8th edition) New Jersy: Pearson.
Ross and Wilson. (2006). Anatomy and physiology (10th edition) Churchill Livingstone.
Savage King and Burgess. (1993). Nutrition for developing countries (2nd edition) Oxford.
Images: google images

CLASSIFICATION OF NANDA NURSING DIAGNOSES BY GORDON’S

2008-09-19T05:00:00.001-07:00

HEALTH PERCEPTION-HEALTH MANAGEMENT PATTERN
Energy Field, Disturbed
Health Maintenance, Ineffective
Health-Seeking Behaviors (Specify)
Infection, Risk for
Injury, Risk for
Risk for injury, Suffocation
Risk for injury, Poisoning
Risk for injury, Trauma
Latex Allergy Response, Risk for and Actual
Management of Therapeutic Regimen, Effective
Management of Therapeutic Regimen (Individual, Family,
Community), Ineffective
Management of Therapeutic Regimen, Readiness for
Enhanced
Noncompliance (Specify)
Perioperative-Positioning Injury, Risk for
Protection, Ineffective
Surgical Recovery, Delayed

NUTRITIONAL-METABOLIC PATTERN
Adult Failure to Thrive
Aspiration, Risk for
Body Temperature, Imbalanced, Risk for
Breastfeeding, Effective
Breastfeeding, Ineffective
Breastfeeding, Interrupted
Dentition, Impaired
Fluid Balance, Readiness for Enhanced
Fluid Volume, Deficient, Risk for and Actual
Fluid Volume, Excess
Fluid Volume, Imbalanced, Risk for
Hyperthermia
Hypothermia
Infant Feeding Pattern, Ineffective
Nausea
Nutrition, Imbalanced, Less Than Body Requirements
Nutrition, Imbalanced, More Than Body Requirements,
Risk for and Actual
Nutrition, Readiness for Enhanced
Swallowing, Impaired
Thermoregulation, Ineffective
Tissue Integrity, Impaired
Skin Integrity, Impaired, Risk for and Actual
Oral Mucous Membrane, Impaired

ELIMINATION PATTERN
Bowel Incontinence
Constipation, Risk for, Actual, and Perceived
Diarrhea
Urinary Elimination, Readiness for Enhanced
Urinary Incontinence
Functional Urinary Incontinence
Reflex Urinary Incontinence
Stress Urinary Incontinence
Total Urinary Incontinence
Urge Urinary Incontinence, Risk for and Actual
Urinary Retention

ACTIVITY-EXERCISE PATTERN
Activity Intolerance, Risk for and Actual
Airway Clearance, Ineffective
Autonomic Dysreflexia, Risk for and Actual
Bed Mobility, Impaired
Breathing Pattern, Ineffective
Cardiac Output, Decreased
Disuse Syndrome, Risk for
Diversional Activity, Deficient
Dysfunctional Ventilatory Weaning Response
Falls, Risk for
Fatigue
Gas Exchange, Impaired
Growth and Development, Delayed
Development, Risk for Delayed
Growth, Risk for Disproportionate
Home Maintenance, Impaired
Infant Behavior, Disorganized, Risk for and Actual, and Readiness
for Enhanced Organized
Peripheral Neurovascular Dysfunction, Risk for
Physical Mobility, Impaired
Sedentary Lifestyle
Self-Care Deficit
Feeding
Bathing-Hygiene
Dressing-Grooming
Toileting
Spontaneous Ventilation, Impaired
Tissue Perfusion, Ineffective (Specify Type:
Renal, Cerebral, Cardiopulmonary,
Gastrointestinal, Peripheral)
Transfer Ability, Impaired
Walking, Impaired
Wandering
Wheelchair Mobility, Impaired

SLEEP-REST PATTERN
Sleep, Readiness for Enhanced
Sleep Deprivation
Sleep Pattern, Disturbed

COGNITIVE-PERCEPTUAL PATTERN
Adaptive Capacity, Intracranial, Decreased
Confusion, Acute and Chronic
Decisional Conflict (Specify)
Environmental Interpretation Syndrome, Impaired
Knowledge, Deficient (Specify)
Knowledge, Readiness for Enhanced (Specify)
Memory, Impaired
Pain, Acute and Chronic
Sensory Perception, Disturbed (Specify:
Visual, Auditory, Kinesthetic, Gustatory,
Tactile, Olfactory)
Thought Processes, Disturbed
Unilateral Neglect

SELF-PERCEPTION AND SELF-CONCEPT
PATTERN
Anxiety
Body Image, Disturbed
Death Anxiety
Fear
Helplessness
Loneliness, Risk for
Personal Identity, Disturbed
Powerlessness, Risk for and Actual
Self-Concept, Readiness for Enhanced
Self-Esteem, Chronic Low, Situational Low,
and Risk for Situational Low
Self-Mutilation, Risk for and Actual

ROLE RELATIONSHIP PATTERN
Caregiver Role Strain, Risk for and Actual
Communication, Readiness for Enhanced
Family Process, Interrupted, and Family Process,
Dysfunctional: Alcoholism
Family Process, Readiness for Enhanced
Grieving, Anticipatory
Grieving, Dysfunctional, Risk for and Actual
Parent, Infant, and Child Attachment, Impaired,
Risk for
Parenting, Impaired, Risk for and Actual, and
Parental Role Conflict
Parenting, Readiness for Enhanced
Relocation Stress Syndrome, Risk for and Actual
Role Performance, Ineffective
Social Interaction, Impaired
Social Isolation
Sorrow, Chronic
Verbal Communication, Impaired
Violence, Self-Directed and Other-Directed,
Risk for

SEXUALITY-REPRODUCTIVE PATTERN
Rape-Trauma Syndrome: Compound Reaction
And Silent Reaction
Sexual Dysfunction
Sexuality Patterns, Ineffective

COPING-STRESS TOLERANCE PATTERN
Adjustment, Impaired
Community Coping, Ineffective and Readiness
for Enhanced
Coping, Readiness for Enhanced
Family Coping, Compromised and Disabled
Family Coping, Readiness for Enhanced
Individual Coping, Ineffective
Coping, Defensive
Denial, Ineffective
Post-Trauma Syndrome, Risk for and Actual
Suicide, Risk for

VALUE-BELIEF PATTERN
Impaired Religiosity, Risk for and Actual
Spiritual Distress, Risk for and Actual
Spiritual Well-Being, Readiness for Enhanced

Gordon Functional Pattern

2008-09-19T05:00:00.000-07:00

Organizing Data According to Gordon's 11 Functional Health PatternsFunctional Health Pattern
Pattern Describes
Examples

Health Perception/
Health Management
Client's perceived pattern of health and well-being and how health is managed.
Compliance with medication regimen, use of health-promotion activities such as regular exercise, annual check-ups.

Nutritional-Metabolic
Pattern of food and fluid consumption relative to metabolic need and pattern; indicators of local nutrient supply.
Condition of skin, teeth, hair, nails, mucous membranes; height and weight.

Elimination
Patterns of excretory function (bowel, bladder, and skin). Includes client's perception of normal" function.
Frequency of bowel movements, voiding pattern, pain on urination, appearance of urine and stool.

Activity - Exercise
Patterns of exercise, activity, leisure, and recreation.
Exercise, hobbies. May include cardiovascular and respiratory status, mobility, and activities of daily living.

Cognitive-Perceptual
Sensory-perceptual and cognitive patterns.
Vision, hearing, taste, touch, smell, pain perception and management; cognitive functions such as language, memory, and decision making.

Sleep-Rest
Patterns of sleep, rest, and relaxation.
Client's perception of quality and quantity of sleep and energy, sleep aids, routines client uses.

Self-Perception/
Self Concept
Client's self-concept pattern and perceptions of self.
Body comfort, body image, feeling state, attitudes about self, perception of abilities, objective data such as body posture, eye contact, voice tone.

Role-Relationship
Client's pattern of role engagements and relationships.
Perception of current major roles sand responsibilities (e.g., father, husband, salesman); satisfaction with family, work, or social relationships.

Sexuality-Reproductive
Patterns of satisfaction and dissatisfaction with sexuality pattern; reproductive pattern.
Number and histories of pregnancy and childbirth; difficulties with sexual functioning; satisfaction with sexual relationship.

Coping / Stress Tolerance
General coping pattern and effective of the pattern in terms of stress tolerance.
Client's usual manner of handling stress, available support systems, perceived ability to control or manage situations.

Value - Belief
Patterns of values, beliefs (including spiritual), and goals that guide client's choices or decisions.
Religious affiliation, what client perceives as important in life, value-belief conflicts related to health, special religious practices.

Study Quiz CVS

2008-08-28T04:01:00.000-07:00

Dear students,

Click on following link and practice the study stacks.
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-145237

Afroz Lakhani

Physical Assessment Lecture (breasts, axilla, genitalia)

2008-08-20T09:57:00.000-07:00

BREASTS, AXILLA AND GENITALIA
Afroz Lakhani,R.N., BScN

FEMALE BREAST:
Clavicle and 2nd rib down to 6th rib
Sternum to midaxillary line
Often divided into four quadrants
Axillary tail of breast tissue
Areola
Nipple
Hormonally sensitive
Ducts, lobes and lobules
Adipose tissue
Concerning symptoms
Breast lump or mass
Breast pain or discomfort
Nipple discharge

Mastitis

An infection of the breast tissue that causes pain, swelling and redness of the breast.
Mostly in breast feeding.
Tenderness, warm, red.
Usually only one breast.

Techniques of examination
Inspection: sitting position, skin, symmetry, contours and retraction in four views

1. Arms at side
2. Arms over head
3. Arms pressed against hips
4. Leaning forward

Skin: color, thickening, prominent pores (ca)
Size n symmetry: some difference ok

Contour: dimpling, flattening, changes due to mass

Nipples: size and shape, direction, rash, ulceration or discharge.

Palpation: spend 3 mins for each breast
Hold the 2nd, 3rd, 4th fingers together.
Keep the fingers slightly flexed.
Use the pads of the fingers on the examining surface.
Move in a circular motion (approximately the size of a coin).
Use varying pressure when palpating. (Light, medium, and heavy).
Palpate the nipple and note any discharge.
Be sure to cover the entire rectangular area of breast tissue (include the axilla).

Systematic patterns

Concentric Circles:
One begins at the outermost top of the breast and circles inward, ending at the nipple; with the fingers moving in small circles with varying pressure.

Vertical strip pattern:
Starting from the outer most edge of a breast, palpate down in a straight line until reaching the other side of the rectangle. Proceed to move hand medially and palpate back up towards the superior edge - the clavicle. Repeat until you reach the medial border - the sternum

Breast Ca symptoms:

A spontaneous clear or bloody discharge from nipple, often associated with a breast lump
Retraction or indentation of nipple
A change in the size or contours of breast
Any flattening or indentation of the skin over breast
Redness or pitting of the skin over breast, like the skin of an orange

BREAST MALE:

It is important to examine.
Inspect and palpate nipple and areola for nodules, swelling, or ulceration
Distinguish between soft fatty enlargement and firm enlargement, called gynecomastia.

AXILLAExamine with patient sitting or lying down
Inspect skin for rash, infection, unusual pigmentation.
Palpate axillary nodes (often less than 1cm) and non tender.
Use proper technique

MALE GENITALIA

Shaft of the penis
Corpus spongiosum (urethra)
Corpora cavernosa
Scrotum contains testes and epididymis
Testes produce spermatozoa and testosterone
Vas deferens

The health history
Sexual function and preference
Libido, arousal, orgasm, ejaculation
Penile discharge or lesions (STD)
Scrotal pain, swelling, or lesions
Patient’s knowledge about testicular self-examination. (instruction is must)

Techniques of examination

INSPECTION OF PENIS:
skin, foreskin, glans, location of urethral meatus and any discharge.

PALPATION:
note for tenderness

INSPECTION OF SCROTUM:
skin for rashes, contour for swelling, lumps, veins.

PALPATION:
both testis for size, tenderness, nodules

Must check for hernia

Inspect and palpate inguinal and femoral areas for bulges.

FEMALE GENITALIA

The health history
Menarche, menstruation, menopause
Pregnancy
Vulvovaginal symptoms (amount, consistency, color, odor) ck for sores,
lumps, itching?
Sexual activity
Chancre and venereal wart

Chancre

Venereal wart

References:
Lynn S. Bickley: Guide to physical examination, 8th ed. Bates, Lippincott. 2003
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_self-examination
http://medicinenet.com
Images from google.images

Physical Assessment Lecture (mouth,pharynx)

2008-08-20T08:41:00.000-07:00

MOUTH and PHARYNX
Afroz Lakhani, R.N.,BScN.
§ Lips
§ Teeth
§ Gums
§ Tongue
§ Palate
§ Buccal cavity
§ Uvula

§ LIPS
§ Visible organ at the mouth
§ Soft, protruding and movable
§ Opening for food intake
§ Erogenous, tactile organ (kissing/intimacy)
§ Articulation of speech
§ The lips visibly express emotions.
Look for….
§ Dry, cracked lips (dehydration, medication, climate, inflammation-Angular cheilitis)
§ Cyanosis (alert sign of diminished oxygen)
§ Swelling (medication, allergy reaction, injury, teeth misalignment)
§ Painful blisters (Herpes Simplex)
§ Lesions ( carcinoma, Syphilis)

ANGULAR CHEILITIS

HERPES SIMPLEX

HEALTHY KISSABLE LIPS

TEETH
§ Small white structures found in mouth
§ Use for tearing, scraping, chewing food
§ Human got 20 primary teeth or milk teeth and 32 adult teeth
§ Mandible (jaw bone) hold the lower teeth (16)
§ Maxilla forms upper jaw (16)

Classification of teeth
§ Incisors (used for cutting and biting)
§ Canines (ripping and tearing)
§ Molars ( chewing)

Internal structure of tooth. Three layers:
Crown: visible part, above the gum. Covered with enamel to protect dentine.
Neck: gum lining between root and crown
Root: Below the gum, blood vessels and nerve entrance.

Teeth Examination
§ Hx (brushing habits, dentist visits, injuries )
§ Inspect for missing or loose teeth (gold tooth)
§ Any discoloration (coffee, smoking etc)
§ Misshapen
§ Abnormally positioned
§ Pain, swelling, redness in gums or face (infection, abscess), sensitive teeth
§ Cavities
§ Denture

GINGIVA/GUMS
§ Soft tissue lining of the mouth. They surround the teeth and provide a seal around them.
§ Coral pink to partly brown color
§ Firm texture
§ No reaction when brushing
§ Labial frenulum connects each lip with gums

Examination
§ Color ( Red)
§ Any swelling or ulceration
§ Bleeding
§ Purulent exudate
§ Any bad breath
§ Change in how patient bites or chew food
§ Does dentures fit perfect

Common Gum Diseases:
§ Gingivitis: poor oral hygiene, reversible. If untreated can lead to Periodontitis.
§ Periodontitis: Irreversible, Gums separates from teeth, falling teeth, bleeding, swelling